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Öğe Ecotoxicological evaluation of organic contamination in the world's two significant gateways to the Black Sea using GIS techniques: Turkish Straits(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Tokatli, Cem; Ugurluoglu, Alper; Muhammad, SaidThis study was carried out to determine the spatial-temporal distributions of limnological parameters of Canakkale Strait (CS) and.Istanbul Strait (.IS), Turkiye. Fluvial (n = 11) and lacustrine (n = 4) habitats water samples were collected in the dry and rainy seasons of 2022-2023. Among limnological parameters, the highest mean electrical conductivity values of 6063 mu S/cm were noted in the.IS basin during the rainy season and the lowest was 0.04 mg/L for nitrite in the CS basin. Generally, the levels of organic contaminants and ecological risk indices were as follows: rivers of.IS > rivers of CS > Alibey Dam Lake (.IS) > Atikhisar Dam Lake (CS). The highest non-carcinogenic health risks of 0.88 were noted for children in the CS basin during the dry season and the lowest of <0.01 in Atikhisar Dam Lake during the rainy season. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to data to categorize investigated ecosystems and sources apportionment of contaminants and geospatial distribution.Öğe Spatial distribution and potential health risk assessment for fluoride and nitrate via water consumption in Pakistan(Elsevier, 2024) Din, Imran Ud; Ali, Wajid; Muhammad, Said; Shaik, Mohammed Rafi; Shaik, Baji; Rehman, Inayat ur; Tokatli, CemThis study investigated the levels of fluoride (F) and nitrate (NO3) and their associated potential health implications via the consumption of drinking water from different sources across various provinces of Pakistan. A dataset comprising mean values of F and NO3 based over the past 20 years (2002-2022) published were collected from Willey, ResearchGate, Springer, Mendeley, Science Direct, Google Scholar, etc. The data was plotted on their locations using spatial distribution maps, which showed high variations in concentrations of F and NO3. Results revealed that the highest F contents were noted in the Sindh province and NO3 levels in the Punjab province. These results indicated that excessive and inadequate F concentrations pose potential health risks. Similarly, elevated NO3 levels in Punjab and Sindh provinces could pose health hazards like blue-baby syndrome and various other diseases. The nitrate pollution index (NPI) revealed diverse patterns, signifying distinct pollution sources across Pakistan. According to NPI results, the Baluchistan and Punjab provinces exhibited very high NO3 pollution (NPI > 3) compared to others. The non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) for F and NO3 was higher than 1 for children in the Sindh and Punjab provinces, respectively. In contrast, the lowest of 0.1 was noted for adults in the Gilgit-Baltistan province due to F intake. The results revealed that children were considered more vulnerable to F and NO3 than adults in the country. The current study recommended the proper mitigation strategies for each province, especially in the Punjab and Sindh provinces, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary studies to bridge knowledge gaps and ensure sustainable water management practices.Öğe Spatial distribution of drinking, irrigation water quality, and health risk indices of high-altitude lakes(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Muhammad, Said; Zeb, Aasim; Ullah, Rizwan; Amin, Sehrish; Ahmad, Ashfaq; Tokatli, CemHigh -altitude lakes (HAL) play a key role in several ecological services of the environment by managing the water supply and flood control. The slow rate of inflowing contaminant circulation results in a buildup of higher levels of contamination level and makes these lakes more vulnerable. The present study focused on determining HAL ' s water quality parameters (WQP) in the Swat District, northern Pakistan. Water samples (n = 32) were collected and analyzed for basic parameters, anions, and potentially harmful elements (PHE). Results of examined parameters were noted under WHO threshold values, except for a few samples of iron (Fe) and arsenic (As). The concentrations of WQP in HAL were used to calculate drinking and irrigation water quality indices (WQI). Results revealed that the water of HAL was excellent and suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. Gibbs plot and Piper model were used to identify water as a mixed type and source characterization of rock dominance. Water quality data were used for average daily dose (ADD) and hazard quotient (HQ) to find HAL water ' s potential health risks. The highest ADD value of 188 mu g/kg-day was observed for nitrate (NO 3 ), and the lowest of 0.31 mu g/kg-day was noted for arsenic (As). However, maximum HQ values of 0.18 were reported for As and were observed to be less than the threshold of 1. Therefore, based on water quality, the HAL was recommended for use in drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes.Öğe Spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements contaminations and risk indices of water and sediments in the Darband and Samana streams, Pakistan(Springer, 2023) Din, Imran Ud; Muhammad, Said; Rehman, Inayat ur; Tokatli, CemThis study examined potentially toxic elements (PTE) of water and sediments in the Darband and Samana streams of Hangu District. Darband and Samana streams are the main fluvial ecosystems of Hangu District, Pakistan, directly or indirectly affecting more than 0.52 Million people. Water and sediment samples were collected and analyzed for PTE utilizing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Water characteristics of Darband and Samana streams were noted within the WHO drinking water guidelines, except for Turbidity and sulfate. Most water characteristics showed higher values in the Samana stream than in the Darband stream. Similarly, most of PTE showed higher concentrations in sediments collected from the Samana stream than the Darband stream. For ecological risk evaluation, several pollution indices were employed to assess the eco-toxicological consequences. The highest contamination factor (CF) value of 15 and 20 were exhibited by molybdenum (Mo) in the Samana and Darband streams showing very high contamination. Similarly, the pollution load index (PLI) showed that 24% of the sediment samples were polluted (PLI > 1). Furthermore, a high ecological risk in a range of 160 < ERI < 320 was observed for Mo, while a low ecological risk ERI < 40 was by As for the Darband and Samana streams sediments. Statistical techniques revealed that various anthropogenic sources primarily contaminated in water and sediment. Therefore, this study recommends regular monitoring PTE contaminations in the area to avoid any health hazards in the future.Öğe Spatial distribution of the contamination and risk assessment of potentially harmful elements in the Ghizer River Basin, northern Pakistan(Iwa Publishing, 2023) Ul Haq, Ayaz; Muhammad, Said; Tokatli, CemThe Ghizer River Basin (GRB) is one of the sub-basins of the Indus River hosting rich mineralization and agrogenic activities. The GRB was sampled for 55 water samples and investigated for potentially harmful element (PHE) concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. PHE concentrations in the water samples of the GRB were used to calculate the potential of non-cancer risks such as chronic daily intake (CDI) hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk (CR). The highest average concentrations of chromium (37.1 +/- 17.1 mu g/L) copper (27.4 +/- 12.5 mu g/L) arsenic (4.8 +/- 0.9 mu g/L) cobalt (9.2 +/- 3.3 mu g/L) and nickel (62.7 +/- 27.6 mu g/L) were noted for the Ishkomen River segment of the GRB. Similarly manganese (417 +/- 144 mu g/L) cadmium (1.95 +/- 0.02 mu g/L) lead (7.7 +/- 1.4 mu g/L) and zinc (28.4 +/- 5.5 mu g/L) concentrations were maximum at downstream of the GRB. Geospatial and statistical analyses showed that lithogenic sources contributed higher to PHE contamination in the water of the GRB than the agrogenic sources. PHE concentrations were noted under the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water thresholds#except for nickel. Results showed the uppermost CDI value of 13.6 mu g/kg-day for manganese and HQ value of 0.52 for arsenic via water intake of children. Non-cancer and CR values through water intake were under the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) thresholds and noted as suitable for drinking and other domestic purposes.Öğe Spatial-temporal variability and probabilistic health risk assessment of fluoride from lentic ecosystem, Turkiye(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Tokatli, Cem; Onur, Sirin Guner; Dindar, Mediha Buyukgoze; Malafaia, Guilherme; Islam, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul; Muhammad, SaidThrace Region is a part of the Marmara Region of Turkiye. There are many natural and artificial stagnant water habitats in the region that are used for irrigation and drinking water supply. This study is intended to determine the spatial-temporal variability and probabilistic health risk of fluoride exposure in the water of stagnant water bodies in the Thrace region. A total of 33 stagnant water bodies were selected, and water samples were collected during the dry and wet seasons of 2021-2022. The fluoride levels were measured using a spectrophotometric method (wavelength is 588 nm). The fluoride accumulations varied from 0.16-0.64 mg/L for the natural lakes, 0.04-0.74 mg/L for the reservoirs, and 0.01-0.53 mg/L for the artificial ponds. The World Health Organization (WHO) suggested a level of fluoride in drinking water of 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L. The study area had a fluoride deficiency of less than 0.5 mg/L in natural water bodies during the wet season (87.87%) and the dry season (93.93%), which might be a potential threat to dental health. Estimation Daily Intake (EDI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) widely used health risk assessment methods were applied to the data in the current research to describe the non-carcinogenic risk of fluoride. All the calculated hazard quotient (HQ) values, both in the dry and wet seasons and in all age groups, were recorded as below 1. Both teenagers and children living in the central part of the study area are at higher risk than infants and adults. To evaluate model uncertainty, Monte Carlo simulations were employed. The outcome of the sensitivity analysis revealed that the major risks to the health of the inhabitants are the high content of fluoride and their daily intake of water.Öğe Spatiotemporal variations, health risk assessment, and sources of potentially toxic elements in potamic water of the Anday Stream Basin (Turkiye), Black Sea Region(Springer, 2024) Tokatli, Cem; Mutlu, Ekrem; Ustaoglu, Fikret; Islam, Abu Reza Towfiqul; Muhammad, SaidMonitoring and protecting freshwater habitats are paramount for a sustainable water management perspective. This study investigated potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the potamic water of the Anday Stream Basin (T & uuml;rkiye), Black Sea Region, for a hydrological year (from May 2020 to April 2021). Among PTEs, the highest average values were recorded for sodium (Na) at 41.3 mg/L and the lowest for mercury (Hg) at 0.009 mu g/L and noted under quality guidelines. The stream was found to be at the level of Low Heavy Metal Pollution and Low Contamination based on the ecotoxicological risk indices. The highest calculated hazard quotient (HQ) value of 1.21E-02 for Cd was noted in the children via the dermal pathway and the lowest of 6.91E-06 for Fe in adults via the ingestion pathway. Results revealed a higher hazard index (HI) value of 1.50E-02 for Cd to children and the lowest of 1.98E-05 for Fe to adults. As a result of applying agricultural risk indices, the stream showed sodium adsorption ratio values less than 6 and was found to be Excellent for agriculture. However, the sodium percentage values were less than 20 and found Permissible and the magnesium hazard > 50 and noted as Unsuitable for agriculture. Statistical analysis revealed that natural factors mainly attributed to PTE contamination of the Anday Stream Basin.Öğe Temporal variation of water quality parameters in the lacustrine of the Thrace Region, Northwest Türkiye(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Tokatli, Cem; Islam, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul; Muhammad, SaidThrace is a part of the Marmara Region northwest of Turkiye. This region hosts several lentic ecosystems used for irrigation and drinking water supply. The present study was conducted to analyze the temporal distributions of water quality parameters (WQPs) of lentic ecosystems (lacustrine habitats), including lakes (L1-L2), reservoirs (R1-R12), and ponds (P1-P19) of the Thrace Region. Thirty-three lacustrine habitats were identified in the region. Freshwaters were collected in the wet (end of winter) and dry (end of summer) seasons of 2021-2022 and tested for 12 WQPs. Data was evaluated for the water quality index (WQI) and nutrient pollution index (NPI) and their overall quality level. For the evaluation of non-carcinogenic health risk indices of WQPs, the chronic daily index (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) were applied. Cluster analysis (CA), Pearson correlation index (PCI), and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to classify the lacustrine habitats and identify the source of WQPs. The average values were as follows: 9.28 mg/L for dissolved oxygen (DO), 94.6% for oxygen (O2) saturation, 9.29 for pH, 613 mu S/cm for electrical conductivity (EC), 3.96 NTU for turbidity, 358 mg/L for total dissolved solids (TDS), 3.17 mg/L for nitrate (NO3), 0.05 mg/L for nitrite (NO2), 1.01 mg/L for phosphate (PO4), 78.5 mg/L for sulfate (SO4), and 102 mg/L for chloride (Cl). Results showed a significant increase in WQPs, including NO3, NO2, and PO4, in the wet season, while the salinity decreased from the dry to wet season. Results revealed that HI values of water contaminants in lacustrine habitats were noted to be less than one. Based on determined WQPs, the present study recommends using lacustrine water habitats for irrigation, drinking, and other domestic and industrial purposes.Öğe Water quality assessment of Sehriban stream (Kastamonu, TurkIye) from a multi-statistical perspective(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Mutlu, Ekrem; Tokatli, Cem; Islam, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul; Islam, Md. Saiful; Muhammad, SaidIn this paper, water quality of Sehriban Stream, a rare freshwater ecosystem far from human impact and located in the western part of Turkiye's Karadeniz Region, was studied over a long period of time (a hydrological year). Multivariate statistical approaches such as Pearson Correlation Index (PCI), Factor Analysis (FA), Cluster Analysis (CA) and self-organising maps (SOM) were used to evaluate the water quality and physico-chemical datasets. Samples were taken monthly during February 2019 - January 2020 from 12 stations and a total of 21 physicochemical parameters were investigated. The spatiotemporal averages of some organic pollution parameters investigated in the basin were determined as follows: 344 mu S/cm for EC, 0.80 mg/L for COD, 0.42 mg/L for BOD, 0.02 mg/L for PO42-, 34.4 mg/L for SO42-, 0.00009 mg/L for NO2, 1.36 mg/L for NO3 and 0.0002 mg/L for NH4-. According to the findings of this study, despite a modest decline in water quality from upstream to downstream, Sehriban Stream was revealed to have first-class water quality features in general and all parameters detected in all seasons at all the investigated stations were below the limit values reported by WHO. The SOM analysis detected three spatial patterns, e.g. pH-salinity-K+-PO42--Mg2+-NO2; DO-Ca2+-NH4- and TDS-EC-Cl--SO42--COD-BOD-Na+ in water. As a result of PCI, significant positive and negative correlations were recorded among the investigated parameters. Results of FA showed that 2 factors elucidated 85% of total variances, which are named 'Agricultural Factor' and 'Natural Factor'. As a result of CA, 3 significant clusters were identified, which are named 'Lower Polluted Zone', 'Moderate Polluted Zone' and 'Higher Polluted Zone'. Overall, this work showed that multi-statistical approaches can be used to assess the water quality in a rare, unpolluted habitat over time and space.
