Spatial distribution and potential health risk assessment for fluoride and nitrate via water consumption in Pakistan
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
2024
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Elsevier
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
Özet
This study investigated the levels of fluoride (F) and nitrate (NO3) and their associated potential health implications via the consumption of drinking water from different sources across various provinces of Pakistan. A dataset comprising mean values of F and NO3 based over the past 20 years (2002-2022) published were collected from Willey, ResearchGate, Springer, Mendeley, Science Direct, Google Scholar, etc. The data was plotted on their locations using spatial distribution maps, which showed high variations in concentrations of F and NO3. Results revealed that the highest F contents were noted in the Sindh province and NO3 levels in the Punjab province. These results indicated that excessive and inadequate F concentrations pose potential health risks. Similarly, elevated NO3 levels in Punjab and Sindh provinces could pose health hazards like blue-baby syndrome and various other diseases. The nitrate pollution index (NPI) revealed diverse patterns, signifying distinct pollution sources across Pakistan. According to NPI results, the Baluchistan and Punjab provinces exhibited very high NO3 pollution (NPI > 3) compared to others. The non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) for F and NO3 was higher than 1 for children in the Sindh and Punjab provinces, respectively. In contrast, the lowest of 0.1 was noted for adults in the Gilgit-Baltistan province due to F intake. The results revealed that children were considered more vulnerable to F and NO3 than adults in the country. The current study recommended the proper mitigation strategies for each province, especially in the Punjab and Sindh provinces, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary studies to bridge knowledge gaps and ensure sustainable water management practices.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Fluorosis, Drinking Water, Health Risk, Nitrate Pollution Index, Pakistan, Mineral-Resources, Contamination, Groundwater, Balochistan, Tharparkar, District, Basin, Belt
Kaynak
Journal Of Geochemical Exploration
WoS Q Değeri
N/A
Scopus Q Değeri
Q2
Cilt
259
