Trakya bölgesi tabyalari: Koruma sorunlari ve koruma-kullanma önerileri
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Tarih
2013
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Yayıncı
Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Savunma yapıları, yıllar boyu süren savaşlarda bir bölgeyi korumak amacıyla yapılmış, askeri mimari içinde farklı özelliklere sahip yapılardır. Savaş sürecinde hücum ve savunma üssü olarak kullanılan bu yapılar, bir savaşın kazanılmasında hücum gücünden çok, savunmada yapılan düzenleme ve hazırlıkların önem taşıdığı görüşüyle askeri mimarlık tarihinde hücum yapıları yerine savunma yapıları tanımı ile ön plana çıkmışlardır. 12. yüzyılda, savaşlarda barutun kullanılması silah teknolojisinin ilerlemesinde önemli katkılar sağlamış, savunma alanında alınacak önlemleri de bu doğrultuda değişime uğratmıştır. Top atışlarına karşı en etkili savunma sistemleri, 15. yüzyılda Avrupa?da uygulanmaya başlanan tabyalı tahkimatlar ile olmuştur. İtalya da kale surlarının güçlendirilmesi amacıyla yapılan tabyalı tahkimatlar, 17. yüzyılda Fransızların kent savunma sistemlerinin oluşmasında önemli bir etken olan tabyalar ile en gelişmiş seviyesine ulaşmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti doğrudan kenti savunmak yerine, kentin belli bir alanını askeri ve coğrafi açıdan kontrol edebilen noktalara kale ve benzeri askeri garnizonlar kurarak oluşturduğu savunma yöntemini benimsemiştir. Ayrıca, savunmada kale gibi kalıcı savunma yapılarının yanı sıra, kolay ve hızlı bir şekilde inşa edilebilen, çok yüksek maliyetleri olmayan geçici istihkâmları da kullanmıştır. 16. yüzyıldan itibaren Batı devletlerinde ateşli silahların güçlerinin artması ve giderek daha yoğun kullanılmasıyla büyük bir gelişme gösteren tahkimat mimarisi, 17. yüzyılın sonunda Osmanlı askeri mimarlık alanını da etkileyerek savunma sistemlerinde modernleşme hareketine öncülük etmiştir. Askeri teşkilatta topçuluk, istihkâm ve eğitim konularındaki reformlarla başlatılan yenilenme hareketi kapsamında, 18. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Osmanlı kentlerinin savunulmasında tabyalı tahkimatlar ön plandadır. Tabyalı tahkimatlar önce Balkanlarda bulunan sınır kentlerinde denenmiş, daha sonra doğu sınırındaki illerin ve boğazların savunmasında kullanılmıştır. Trakya bölgesi, coğrafi konumu nedeniyle tarih boyunca önemini ve stratejisini daima korumuştur. Bir kilit noktası olması, boğazlarla Karadeniz e ve Ege Denizi'ne açılması ve Anadolu'ya geçiş yeri olması nedeniyle tarihin her döneminde saldırılara ve işgallere maruz kalmıştır. 18. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında, Trakya bölgesinin savunulması amacıyla ilk olarak Çanakkale Boğazı'nda yapımına başlanan tabyalar, Osmanlı askeri mimarisinde önemli bir yer edinmiştir. 19. yüzyılda da Trakya topraklarında saldırıların devam etmesi nedeniyle bölgenin savunulmasında kuzeydoğuda Kırklareli, kuzeybatıda Edirne ve güneybatıda Çanakkale illerinde de büyük ve düzenli savunma yapıları olan tabyaların inşa edilmesi gerekli olmuştur. Bu çalışma, Ülke savunma tarihi içinde önemli bir yeri olan ve Trakya bölgesinin savunulması için inşa edilmiş olan Kırklareli, Edirne ve Çanakkale kentlerindeki 54 adet tabyayı kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada, kıyı ve kara tabyalarının genel yerleşimleri, yapı tipleri, malzeme ve yapım teknikleri ile mimari ayrıntıları incelenmiş; ayrıca incelenen örnekler tarihi, askeri ve mimari çerçeve içinde savunma yapılarının nitelikleri açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Tabyalar, günümüzde asli görevi olan kenti savunma işlevini yitirmiş olmalarına karşın, tarihi, askeri ve mimari değerleri ile halen ayakta duran anıtlar olarak tarihi sit niteliğinde korunması gerekli kültür varlıklarıdır. Bu yaklaşım ilkesiyle ele alınan araştırmada, Trakya bölgesi tabyalarının özgün niteliklerini koruyabilmeleri için öncelikle koruma sorunları belirlenmiş, geleceğe aktarılmaları sürecinde tabyalar için koruma-kullanma önerileri geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Abstract
Defense constructions are structures which are built to protect an area during long lasting wars and they have distinctive features as examples of military architecture. These buildings, used as offense or defense bases during wars, are referred to as `defense constructions? instead of `offense constructions? in military architecture with a view that defensive preparations and arrangements have had a more important role than offensive forces in winning a war. In the 12th century, the use of gunpowder in wars contributed to the progress of weapon technology and thus changed the measures that needed to be taken to protect or attack military architecture. The most efficient defense systems against artillery fire were bastion fortifications that began to be used in Europe in the 15th century. Bastion fortifications were built to strengthen castle walls in Italy and reached their highest level of development in the 17th century in France with the bastions that used to create the urban defense systems in France. Instead of defending a city directly, the Ottoman Empire adopted a defense method which was created by building castles or similar military garrisons at spots that could provide geographical and military control over a certain part of the city. The Ottomans also used more transient fortifications which were easy and fast to build and didnt cost much as well as permanent defense constructions like castles. Fortification architecture made great progress with the increasing power and use of fire arms in western countries from the 16th century onwards. These developments in Europe also affect the Ottoman military architecture and led to the modernization movement in defense systems in the empire in the 17th century. As part of the renewal movement started by reforms in the fields of artillery, fortification and education in the military organization, bastion fortifications gained importance in the defense of Ottoman cities,particularly in the late 18th century. These types of defenses were particularly useful first in the frontier cities of the Balkan mountain regions and were then used to defend eastern cities and different straits. The Thracian Region maintained its importance and strategy throughout history because of its geographical position. It was subject to a great number of occupations and attacks in every period of history since it is a key location, which serves as a gateway to the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea and a, passageway to Anatolia. In the late 18th century, bastions first started to be built along the Dardanelles to defend the Thracian region and they became an important element in Ottoman military architecture. In the 19th century, it became necessary to build bastions which were big and organized defense constructions, in the cities of Kırklareli in the northeast region of Turkey, Edirne in the northwest and Çanakkale in the southwest to defend the Thrace Region, largely due to the continuing attacks of these areas. This study covers 54 bastions built in the cities of Kırklareli, Edirne and Çanakkale which were intended to defend the region and which had an important role in the history of defending the country. In this study, the general layout, structural type, building material and technique, and the architectural details of these bastions are examined; examples of this architectural typology are also examined and interpreted according to the qualifications of defense constructions within the historical, architectural and military frameworks. Although bastions have lost their fundamental duty of defending cities in the past, they still stand as cultural assets that need to be protected and are special historical sites because of their architectural, military and historical value. In this research study the problems of preserving bastions in the Thrace Region are investigated so that the authentic characteristics of these architectural works can be saved. Futher, suggestions for protecting and reusing these bastions are proposed with the intention that these protective measures may help to preserve these buildings for future generations.
Abstract
Defense constructions are structures which are built to protect an area during long lasting wars and they have distinctive features as examples of military architecture. These buildings, used as offense or defense bases during wars, are referred to as `defense constructions? instead of `offense constructions? in military architecture with a view that defensive preparations and arrangements have had a more important role than offensive forces in winning a war. In the 12th century, the use of gunpowder in wars contributed to the progress of weapon technology and thus changed the measures that needed to be taken to protect or attack military architecture. The most efficient defense systems against artillery fire were bastion fortifications that began to be used in Europe in the 15th century. Bastion fortifications were built to strengthen castle walls in Italy and reached their highest level of development in the 17th century in France with the bastions that used to create the urban defense systems in France. Instead of defending a city directly, the Ottoman Empire adopted a defense method which was created by building castles or similar military garrisons at spots that could provide geographical and military control over a certain part of the city. The Ottomans also used more transient fortifications which were easy and fast to build and didnt cost much as well as permanent defense constructions like castles. Fortification architecture made great progress with the increasing power and use of fire arms in western countries from the 16th century onwards. These developments in Europe also affect the Ottoman military architecture and led to the modernization movement in defense systems in the empire in the 17th century. As part of the renewal movement started by reforms in the fields of artillery, fortification and education in the military organization, bastion fortifications gained importance in the defense of Ottoman cities,particularly in the late 18th century. These types of defenses were particularly useful first in the frontier cities of the Balkan mountain regions and were then used to defend eastern cities and different straits. The Thracian Region maintained its importance and strategy throughout history because of its geographical position. It was subject to a great number of occupations and attacks in every period of history since it is a key location, which serves as a gateway to the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea and a, passageway to Anatolia. In the late 18th century, bastions first started to be built along the Dardanelles to defend the Thracian region and they became an important element in Ottoman military architecture. In the 19th century, it became necessary to build bastions which were big and organized defense constructions, in the cities of Kırklareli in the northeast region of Turkey, Edirne in the northwest and Çanakkale in the southwest to defend the Thrace Region, largely due to the continuing attacks of these areas. This study covers 54 bastions built in the cities of Kırklareli, Edirne and Çanakkale which were intended to defend the region and which had an important role in the history of defending the country. In this study, the general layout, structural type, building material and technique, and the architectural details of these bastions are examined; examples of this architectural typology are also examined and interpreted according to the qualifications of defense constructions within the historical, architectural and military frameworks. Although bastions have lost their fundamental duty of defending cities in the past, they still stand as cultural assets that need to be protected and are special historical sites because of their architectural, military and historical value. In this research study the problems of preserving bastions in the Thrace Region are investigated so that the authentic characteristics of these architectural works can be saved. Futher, suggestions for protecting and reusing these bastions are proposed with the intention that these protective measures may help to preserve these buildings for future generations.
Açıklama
Doktora Tezi
Anahtar Kelimeler
Edirne, Çanakkale, Osmanlı Devleti, Askeri Mimari, Savunma Yapıları, Tabya, Kırklareli, Ottoman Empire, Military Architecture, Defence Constructions, Bastion
