Edirne'de son dönem Osmanlı savunma yapılarının yeniden kullanımına yönelik bir model önerisi (1876-1917)
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Tarih
2016
Yazarlar
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Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Trakya Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Edirne, tarih boyunca stratejik konumu açısından büyük önem taşımıştır. Bu sebeple, bölgenin her zaman savunulması gerekmiştir. Askeri tekniklerin ve ateşli silahların gelişimi ile birlikte, savunma sistemleri değişmiş, tabya mimarisi ortaya çıkmıştır. Edirne'de tarihten bu yana günümüze ulaşan tabya sayısı 29'dur. Bu araştırma; 1877-1878 Osmanlı Rus Harbi ve Balkan Savaşlarında Edirne savunmasında kullanılan Tabyaların sistemi, mimarisi, yapım teknikleri, malzemeleri hakkında genel bir bilgi vermesi için yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, Tabyaların detaylı bir şekilde analizi yapılmış– mimari şekillenmesi, günümüzdeki hasarları, malzeme özellikleri- nasıl korunması gerektiğine dair yeniden kullanım modeli geliştirilmiştir. Tezin birinci bölümünde: Çalışmanın amacından, özgün değerinden, yönteminden ve yapılan literatür çalışmasından bahsedilmektedir. Tezin ikinci bölümünde: Tabyaların gelişimini en çok etkileyen ateşli silahların icadından ve gelişimine değinilmiştir. Teknolojik buluşlar; silah üretiminde ve savaş yöntemlerinin belirlenmesinde neredeyse en önemli etken olmuştur. Barutun ortaya çıkması ile aktif hale gelen ateşli silahlar: Tabyaların tasarımlarında en önemli rolü oynamıştır. Top eskiden basit madenlerden üretiliyorken, topun üretim malzemesi değişip geliştikçe, yıkıcı etkileri de o denli artmış, tahkimlerde kullanılacak olan malzemelerin toprak siperlerden, taş ve tuğla gibi sağlam kargir siperlere dönüşmesine sebep olmuştur. Çelik endüstrisindeki gelişme farklı silah tipinin üretimini getirmiş, savaşlarda atış menzilinin artmasına sebep olmuştur. Dumansız barutun devreye girmesiyle, eski yöntemler yetersiz kalmıştır. Zaman içinde Pikrik asitin bulunması ve bu malzemenin tabyaların taş yapılı ve toprakla kaplı olan tonoz tabakasına kadar geçmesi, tabyalarda farklı yapı malzemesi arayışına sebep olmuş Tabya tipolojisini etkilemiştir. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde, Edirne'de 19. yüzyıl sonu 20. yüzyıl başında yaşanan savaşlardan ve bu savaşlar paralelinde oluşturulan tahkim sistemlerinden detaylı bir şekilde bahsedilmiştir. Edirne kentinde; savaşlarda önemli tahkim yapılarının kullanılmaya başlandığı dönem 1828 yılında Osmanlı- Rus savaşıdır. O dönemde Osmanlı Devletinin sınırları Tuna boyuna kadar uzanmaktadır. Dünyada daha önce hiç görülmemiş duvarlarda bulunan gözetleme delikleri, barikatlar, geniş sistemli toprak işleri yapılmış ve basit toplar geliştirilmiştir. 1877-1878 Osmanlı- Rus savaşı geniş ölçekli siperlerin, uzun saha tahkimlerinin ilk olarak kullanıldığı savaş niteliği taşımaktadır. Dünyada ilk kez görülen taktik esaslarına dayandırılan sistemler geliştirilmiştir. 1912 Balkan savaşlarında teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte, silahlanmada ve tabyaların mimari özelliklerinde ciddi değişimler meydana gelmiştir. Tabyaların dışında kentin savunulması için grupvari toprak tahkimler geliştirilmiştir. Balkan Savaşları; geliştirilen savaş teknolojilerinin denendiği, özellikle topların savaşı niteliğindedir. Dördüncü bölümde, Amerika ve Avrupa'da 19. yüzyıl'da yaşanan savaşlar ve bu savaşlarda oluşturulan Tahkim sistemleri vardır. Güney Amerika'da, Atlantik kıyıları boyunca çok sayıda erken yerleşim topluluğu bulunmaktaydı. Bu topluluklar kendi yerel savunmalarından sorumluydular. Bu nedenle surlar küçük ve yerel malzemeler kullanılarak insan gücüyle yapılmışlardır. Bu ilkel yapılar acil durumlara karşı inşa edilmiştir. İlkel yapılar kriz geçtikten kısa süre sonra yıkılmaya başlamıştır. Savaş ve tahkimler periyotlara ayrılmıştır. Amerika'da kalıcı Tabya Sistemleri 4. Periyot 1816-1867 yıllarında yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Fransa- Prusya Savaşında ise sınır olan Metz ve Verdun kentindeki Tahkim sistemleri, literatürde araştırılarak, Edirne'ki tabyalara benzerliği ve hatta 1912'de Alman komutan tarafından inşaası sebebiyle detaylı olarak açıklanmıştır. Beşinci bölümünde ise; Edirne kentinin savaş esnasında ne koşullar göz önünde bulundurularak planlanlandığı, güçlendirilmesi ve her bir cephenin detaylı olarak betimlenmesi yapılmıştır. Tüm Tabyaların rölöveleri, krokileri ve eski kaynaklardaki durumları tespit edilerek, mevcut durumlarının analizleri yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın altıncı bölümde ise: Tabyaların sürekliliğinin sağlanması ve gelecek nesilllere aktarılması için, Edirne kentinde uygulanabilir bir kullanım modeli önerilmiştir. Dünya'da yapılmış benzer restorasyon uygulamaları incelenerek, model oluşturulmasında altlık olarak kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar ve değerlendirme bölümünde ise, yapılan çalışmanın pozitif bilime ne katkı sağladığı, Mimarlık Tarihi açısından önemi üzerinde durulmuştur. Planlama kararlarının değerlendirilip, belirlenmesi için: Edirne kentinin kısa tarihi ve demografik yapısı incelenmiştir. Kentin turizm altyapısının, kültürünün ve sosyo-ekonomik koşullarının neler olduğu belirlenerek, bu bağlamda tabyalar için restorasyon önerisi getirilerek kültür ve turizm için bir model önerilmiştir. Önerilen modelin ilk olarak şehrin gelişimine ardından ülke sosyo-ekonomik katkısına bakılmıştır. Dünyada örnek olacak, bütünsel tasarım ilkesi geliştirilmiş, savaşın acı izlerinin yok olması, yerine kültürel alanların geliştirilip barışın simgeleri haline getirilmesi hedeflemiştir. Yıl : 2016 Sayfa Sayısı : 430 Anahtar Kelimeler : Tahkimat, Tabya, Bonet, Savaş, Top teknolojisi, Savunma, Rölöve, Restitüsyon, Restorasyon, Edirne, Koruma, Yeniden İşlev, Tarihi Çevrede Tasarım, Kültürel Turizm.
Edirne Province has had a significant importance throughout the history, due to its strategic location. By this reason, it has always been necessary to defend the province. With the development of military techniques and guns, the defense systems were changed and the bastion architecture was created. The number of bastions that have survived since the past is 29 in Edirne. This research has been made to provide general information on the Bastion systems, architectures, construction techniques and materials, which were used in Edirne during the Ottoman- Russian War of 1878 and Balkan Wars. Additionally, the Bastions – their architectural formation, current damages and material features - were analyzed in detail, and a reuse model was developed for how they should be protected. In the first part of the thesis: The purpose, unique value, method of the study and the conducted study on literature were mentioned. In the second part of the thesis: The invention and development of the guns, which affected the development of the bastions the most, were discussed. Technological inventions were almost the most important factors in the production of weapons and the determination of military methods. The guns, which had become active with the invention of unpowder,played the most important role in the design of the bastions. Whereas the cannon had been built by simple mine ores in the past, the development of the materials, used in the cannon production, caused the increase in the destructive effects, and this led to the change of the materials, used in the fortifications, from parapet to strong masonry walls such as stone or bricks. The developments in the steel industry brought about different weapon types and increased the firing range in the wars. With the commissioning of smokeless gunpowder, the old methods became insufficient. In time, the commissioning of Picric acid and the pervasion of this material into the masonry and earth coated vault stratification caused a search for different construction materials in the Battalions and affected the Battalion typology. In the third part of the study, the wars that happened in the late 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century and the fortification systems that were created in parallel with these wars were scrutinized, in detail. The period, when the fortification structures, which were important in the wars, began to be used, is the Ottoman-Russian wars in 1828. In this period, the borders of the Ottoman Empire were expanded until the Danube River. The observation holes on the walls, which had never been seen around the World before, barricades, earth-works, with wide systems, were constructed and basic cannons were developed. The Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878 is the first war, in which wide scale trenches and long field fortifications were used. The systems, which were based on the tactical principles that had been seen for the first time around the World, were developed. In the Balkan Wars of 1912, significant changes occurred in the armament and the architectural features of the bastions, with the development of technology. Outside the bastions, clustered earth fortifications were developed to protect the city. The Balkan Wars was where the developed military technologies were experimented and it was the war of artilleries, in particular. In the fourth part, the wars, which were fought in the 19th century of America and Europe, and the Fortification systems that were created in these wars are mentioned. In the South America, there were many settlements of the early ages, across the coasts of the Atlantic. These communities were responsible for their local defenses. Henceforth, the walls were built with small and local materials and by the virtue of manpower. These primitive structures were built in case of emergency. The primitive structures began to be collapsed shortly after a crisis had ended. Wars and fortifications were divided into periods. The permanent Fortification Systems in America began to be built in the 4th Period years – 1816-1867. And in the Wars of France-Prussia, the Fortification Systems in Metz and Verdun, the border provinces, were researched in the literature, and their similarities to the battalions in Edirne due to their construction by the same commander in 1912 were explained, in detail. Moreover, in the fifth part, the subjects of Battalion and fortification and the units of battalion are mentioned. What kind of conditions were considered in the planning and reinforcement of Edirne during the war and each of the fronts were depicted in detail. By determining all of the relives and outlines of the Battalions and their conditions in the old sources, their current conditions are analyzed. In the sixth part of the study, a usage model, which is applicable in Edirne, is suggested to provide the sustainability of the Bastions and to leave them to the future generations. By analyzing the similar restoration applications around the World, they were used as a basis in the creation of the model. In the results and assessment part, what the contributions of the conducted research are for the positive science and their importance in the aspect of the history of architecture are emphasized. For the assessment and determination of the planning decisions, a brief history of Edirne and its demographic structure were examined. By determining what the cultural and socio-economic conditions of the city are from its tourism infrastructure, and bringing forth a suggestion of restoration for the battalions in these terms, a model was proposed for culture and tourism. The integral design principle was developed to be an example for the World, and it was intended to erase the bitter marks of the war and to turn the cultural sites into the symbols of peace by developing them, in their place. Year : 2016 Number of Pages : 430 Keywords : Fortification, Battalion, Bonnet, Cannon technology, Defense, Relief, Restitution, Restoration, Edirne, Protection, Refunction, Design in a Historical Environment, Cultural Tourism.
Edirne Province has had a significant importance throughout the history, due to its strategic location. By this reason, it has always been necessary to defend the province. With the development of military techniques and guns, the defense systems were changed and the bastion architecture was created. The number of bastions that have survived since the past is 29 in Edirne. This research has been made to provide general information on the Bastion systems, architectures, construction techniques and materials, which were used in Edirne during the Ottoman- Russian War of 1878 and Balkan Wars. Additionally, the Bastions – their architectural formation, current damages and material features - were analyzed in detail, and a reuse model was developed for how they should be protected. In the first part of the thesis: The purpose, unique value, method of the study and the conducted study on literature were mentioned. In the second part of the thesis: The invention and development of the guns, which affected the development of the bastions the most, were discussed. Technological inventions were almost the most important factors in the production of weapons and the determination of military methods. The guns, which had become active with the invention of unpowder,played the most important role in the design of the bastions. Whereas the cannon had been built by simple mine ores in the past, the development of the materials, used in the cannon production, caused the increase in the destructive effects, and this led to the change of the materials, used in the fortifications, from parapet to strong masonry walls such as stone or bricks. The developments in the steel industry brought about different weapon types and increased the firing range in the wars. With the commissioning of smokeless gunpowder, the old methods became insufficient. In time, the commissioning of Picric acid and the pervasion of this material into the masonry and earth coated vault stratification caused a search for different construction materials in the Battalions and affected the Battalion typology. In the third part of the study, the wars that happened in the late 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century and the fortification systems that were created in parallel with these wars were scrutinized, in detail. The period, when the fortification structures, which were important in the wars, began to be used, is the Ottoman-Russian wars in 1828. In this period, the borders of the Ottoman Empire were expanded until the Danube River. The observation holes on the walls, which had never been seen around the World before, barricades, earth-works, with wide systems, were constructed and basic cannons were developed. The Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878 is the first war, in which wide scale trenches and long field fortifications were used. The systems, which were based on the tactical principles that had been seen for the first time around the World, were developed. In the Balkan Wars of 1912, significant changes occurred in the armament and the architectural features of the bastions, with the development of technology. Outside the bastions, clustered earth fortifications were developed to protect the city. The Balkan Wars was where the developed military technologies were experimented and it was the war of artilleries, in particular. In the fourth part, the wars, which were fought in the 19th century of America and Europe, and the Fortification systems that were created in these wars are mentioned. In the South America, there were many settlements of the early ages, across the coasts of the Atlantic. These communities were responsible for their local defenses. Henceforth, the walls were built with small and local materials and by the virtue of manpower. These primitive structures were built in case of emergency. The primitive structures began to be collapsed shortly after a crisis had ended. Wars and fortifications were divided into periods. The permanent Fortification Systems in America began to be built in the 4th Period years – 1816-1867. And in the Wars of France-Prussia, the Fortification Systems in Metz and Verdun, the border provinces, were researched in the literature, and their similarities to the battalions in Edirne due to their construction by the same commander in 1912 were explained, in detail. Moreover, in the fifth part, the subjects of Battalion and fortification and the units of battalion are mentioned. What kind of conditions were considered in the planning and reinforcement of Edirne during the war and each of the fronts were depicted in detail. By determining all of the relives and outlines of the Battalions and their conditions in the old sources, their current conditions are analyzed. In the sixth part of the study, a usage model, which is applicable in Edirne, is suggested to provide the sustainability of the Bastions and to leave them to the future generations. By analyzing the similar restoration applications around the World, they were used as a basis in the creation of the model. In the results and assessment part, what the contributions of the conducted research are for the positive science and their importance in the aspect of the history of architecture are emphasized. For the assessment and determination of the planning decisions, a brief history of Edirne and its demographic structure were examined. By determining what the cultural and socio-economic conditions of the city are from its tourism infrastructure, and bringing forth a suggestion of restoration for the battalions in these terms, a model was proposed for culture and tourism. The integral design principle was developed to be an example for the World, and it was intended to erase the bitter marks of the war and to turn the cultural sites into the symbols of peace by developing them, in their place. Year : 2016 Number of Pages : 430 Keywords : Fortification, Battalion, Bonnet, Cannon technology, Defense, Relief, Restitution, Restoration, Edirne, Protection, Refunction, Design in a Historical Environment, Cultural Tourism.
Açıklama
Doktora
Anahtar Kelimeler
Mimarlık, Architecture
