Le Corbusier’in modern mimarlık ilkelerinden “serbest plan” şeması ilkesinden uygulanmış örneklerinden incelenmesi
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2019
Yazarlar
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Yayıncı
Trakya Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Le Corbusier Modern mimarlığın kurucularından biridir. Zamanının ileri görüşlü mimarlarından biri olan Le Corbusier modern mimarlığın doğuşunda, çağdaş malzeme ve üslupların kullanılmasında,mimarlık alanında birçok yeniliğe önayak olmuştur. Modern mimarlık birden bire ortaya çıkmış bir mimarlık anlayışı değildir. Modern mimarlığı meydana çımasında birçok faktör etkili olmuştur. Bunların başında 1800’lu yılların sonlarında James Watt tarafından bulunan buhar makinesi ile başlayan Sanayi Devrimi önemli rol oynamıştır. İlk başlardan İngiltere, Fransa gibi Avrupa ülkelerinde başlayan sanayi devrimi çok kısa bir süre içinde bütün dünyaya yayılmıştır. Sanayi devrimi ile birlikte sadece mimarlık alanında değil, insan hayatının her alanında köklü değişiklikler olmuştur. Makineleşme ile birlikte malzeme erişimi ve işlenmesi daha da kolaylaşmıştır. Sanayi devrimi ile birlikte oluşan iş gücü gereksinimi yüzünden, birçok insan kırsal bölgelerden sanayi bölgelerine akın etmiştir. İş olanağı açısından olumlu olsa da, çalışanların yaşam ortamlarının sağlıksız olması ve sanayi bölgelerinde oluşan aşırı yoğun yerleşim hem sosyal anlamda hem de şehircilik açısından bir kaos ortamı oluşturmuştur. Bunu çözmek için yeni yerleşim yerlerine ihtiyaç duyulmuştur ve toplu konut anlayışı bu dönemde başlamıştır. Sanayi devriminin mimarı açıdan birçok olumlu tarafları olmuştur. Ağır metallerin taşınması, işlenmesi ve kullanılması çok kolay bir hale gelmiştir. Yeni malzemelerin kullanılmasının dışında yeni yapım teknikleri de gelişmiştir ki bu durum dünyadaki mimarlık anlayışına birçok yeniliği getirmiştir. Gelişen teknolojik imkanlar ve ülkelerin birbiri arasındaki rekabet mimarı açıdan da bir rekabete dönüşmüştür. Yeni imkanlar, metal, beton ve cam gibi malzemelerin kullanılmaya başlanmasıyla birlikte dönemin mimarları yeni bir akım oluşturma yoluna gitmişler ve modern mimarlığın temelleri atılmıştır. Le Corbusier deyapıtlarında ortaya koyduğu yaratıcı ve kullanışlı çözümler modern mimarlığın temel taşlarını oluşturmuştur. Le Corbusier genç yaşlardan itibaren mimarlığın içinde olmuştur. Dünyanın birçok yerine ziyaretlerde bulunmuştur. Gittiği yerlerde yaptığı eskiz çalışmaları, gördüğü mimarı yaklaşımlar ve dünyanın birçok yerinde tanıştığı mimarlar kendisine yeni bir mimarı görüş kazandırmıştır. Le Corbusier yapıların süslerden arındırılıp sadece fonksiyona hizmet etmesi gerektiği fikrini savunmuştur ve ressam arkadaşı Amédée Ozenfantile birlikte Pürizm akımını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bununla birlikte yapıların belli bir oran çerçevesinde tasarlanması gerektiğini düşünmektedir. Böylelikle oranlar sistemi olan Modulor sistemini oluşturmuştur. Daha sonraları yapılarında kullandığı teknikleri Modern mimarlığın 5 ilkesi olarak tanımlamıştır. Pilotisler ile yapıların yerden yükseltilmesi, serbest plan şeması, serbest cepheler, şerit pencereler, çatı bahçeleri modern mimarlığın 5 ilkesini oluşturmaktadır. Fikirleri ve teknikleri yaptığı tüm yapılarda karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kendi dönemindeki mimarlar tarafından da kabul edilen ve kullanılan bu mimarlık ilkeleri günümüzde de çağdaş mimarlığın temelini oluşturmaktadır. Kendi döneminin en yetenekleri mimarlarından olan Le Corbusier’in 1923 yılında yayımladığı “Bir Mimarlığa Doğru” kitabında yazdığı gibi:
Le Corbusier is one of the founders of modern architecture. Le Corbusier, one of the most forward-thinking architects of his time, pioneered many innovations in the field of architecture in the emergence of modern architecture, the use of contemporary materials and styles. Modern architecture is not a sudden emergence of architecture. Many factors have influenced the formation of it. The Industrial Revolution, which began with the steam engine found by James Watt in the late 1800s, played an important role. The industrial revolution, which started in European countries such as England and France from the beginning, spread to the whole world in a very short time. With the industrial revolution, there have been fundamental changes not only in the field of architecture, but in every aspect of human life. With mechanization, material access and processing has become easier. Due to the need for labor that was created with the industrial revolution, many people flocked from rural to industrial zones. Although it is positive in terms of job opportunities, the unhealthy living environment of the employees and the excessive dense settlement in the industrial zones have created a chaos environment both socially and in terms of urbanism. New settlements were needed to solve this and the concept of mass housing started in this period. The architect of the industrial revolution had many positive aspects. Heavy metals have become very easy to transport, process and use. In addition to the use of new materials, new construction techniques have also developed, which has brought many innovations to the understanding of architecture in the world. Developing technological opportunities and competition between countries has become a competition in terms of architect. With the introduction of new opportunities, materials such as metal, concrete and glass, the architects of the time went on to create a new trend and the foundations of modern architecture were laid. The creative and useful solutions that Le Corbusier put forward in his works are the cornerstones of modern architecture. Le Corbusier has been in architecture from a young age. He has visited many parts of the world. His sketch works in the places he went, the architectural approaches he saw and the architects he met in many parts of the world brought him a new architectural vision. Le Corbusier advocated the idea that structures should be free of ornaments and serve only function, and together with his painter friend Amédée Ozenfant, he created the Purism movement. However, he thinks that structures should be designed within a certain ratio. Thus, Modulor system, which is the system of proportions, has been formed. He later described the techniques he used in his buildings as the 5 Principles of Modern Architecture. Elevation of buildings with pilots, free plan scheme, free facades, strip windows, roof gardens constitute the 5 principles of modern architecture. His ideas and techniques appear in all of his structures. These architectural principles, which are accepted and used by architects of their time, constitute the basis of contemporary architecture. Le Corbusier, as one of the most talented architects of his time, in his book Towards a New Architecture which was published in 1923 he wrote:
Le Corbusier is one of the founders of modern architecture. Le Corbusier, one of the most forward-thinking architects of his time, pioneered many innovations in the field of architecture in the emergence of modern architecture, the use of contemporary materials and styles. Modern architecture is not a sudden emergence of architecture. Many factors have influenced the formation of it. The Industrial Revolution, which began with the steam engine found by James Watt in the late 1800s, played an important role. The industrial revolution, which started in European countries such as England and France from the beginning, spread to the whole world in a very short time. With the industrial revolution, there have been fundamental changes not only in the field of architecture, but in every aspect of human life. With mechanization, material access and processing has become easier. Due to the need for labor that was created with the industrial revolution, many people flocked from rural to industrial zones. Although it is positive in terms of job opportunities, the unhealthy living environment of the employees and the excessive dense settlement in the industrial zones have created a chaos environment both socially and in terms of urbanism. New settlements were needed to solve this and the concept of mass housing started in this period. The architect of the industrial revolution had many positive aspects. Heavy metals have become very easy to transport, process and use. In addition to the use of new materials, new construction techniques have also developed, which has brought many innovations to the understanding of architecture in the world. Developing technological opportunities and competition between countries has become a competition in terms of architect. With the introduction of new opportunities, materials such as metal, concrete and glass, the architects of the time went on to create a new trend and the foundations of modern architecture were laid. The creative and useful solutions that Le Corbusier put forward in his works are the cornerstones of modern architecture. Le Corbusier has been in architecture from a young age. He has visited many parts of the world. His sketch works in the places he went, the architectural approaches he saw and the architects he met in many parts of the world brought him a new architectural vision. Le Corbusier advocated the idea that structures should be free of ornaments and serve only function, and together with his painter friend Amédée Ozenfant, he created the Purism movement. However, he thinks that structures should be designed within a certain ratio. Thus, Modulor system, which is the system of proportions, has been formed. He later described the techniques he used in his buildings as the 5 Principles of Modern Architecture. Elevation of buildings with pilots, free plan scheme, free facades, strip windows, roof gardens constitute the 5 principles of modern architecture. His ideas and techniques appear in all of his structures. These architectural principles, which are accepted and used by architects of their time, constitute the basis of contemporary architecture. Le Corbusier, as one of the most talented architects of his time, in his book Towards a New Architecture which was published in 1923 he wrote:
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Le Corbusier, Modern Mimarlık, Fikir, Çözümler, Pürizm, Modulor, Serbest Plan, Le Corbusier, Modern Architecture, İdea, Solutions, Purism, Modulor, Free Plan
