Spatial distribution and potential health risk assessment for fluoride and nitrate via water consumption in Pakistan

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dc.authoridShaik, Dr. Mohammed Rafi/0000-0003-2937-317X
dc.authoridDin, Dr. Imran Ud/0000-0003-1431-2788
dc.authoridAli, Wajid/0000-0002-8870-9502
dc.authorwosidShaik, Dr. Mohammed Rafi/N-8161-2014
dc.authorwosidDin, Dr. Imran Ud/IXD-1233-2023
dc.authorwosidAli, Wajid/T-3020-2018
dc.contributor.authorDin, Imran Ud
dc.contributor.authorAli, Wajid
dc.contributor.authorMuhammad, Said
dc.contributor.authorShaik, Mohammed Rafi
dc.contributor.authorShaik, Baji
dc.contributor.authorRehman, Inayat ur
dc.contributor.authorTokatli, Cem
dc.date.accessioned2024-06-12T11:02:04Z
dc.date.available2024-06-12T11:02:04Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.departmentTrakya Üniversitesien_US
dc.description.abstractThis study investigated the levels of fluoride (F) and nitrate (NO3) and their associated potential health implications via the consumption of drinking water from different sources across various provinces of Pakistan. A dataset comprising mean values of F and NO3 based over the past 20 years (2002-2022) published were collected from Willey, ResearchGate, Springer, Mendeley, Science Direct, Google Scholar, etc. The data was plotted on their locations using spatial distribution maps, which showed high variations in concentrations of F and NO3. Results revealed that the highest F contents were noted in the Sindh province and NO3 levels in the Punjab province. These results indicated that excessive and inadequate F concentrations pose potential health risks. Similarly, elevated NO3 levels in Punjab and Sindh provinces could pose health hazards like blue-baby syndrome and various other diseases. The nitrate pollution index (NPI) revealed diverse patterns, signifying distinct pollution sources across Pakistan. According to NPI results, the Baluchistan and Punjab provinces exhibited very high NO3 pollution (NPI > 3) compared to others. The non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) for F and NO3 was higher than 1 for children in the Sindh and Punjab provinces, respectively. In contrast, the lowest of 0.1 was noted for adults in the Gilgit-Baltistan province due to F intake. The results revealed that children were considered more vulnerable to F and NO3 than adults in the country. The current study recommended the proper mitigation strategies for each province, especially in the Punjab and Sindh provinces, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary studies to bridge knowledge gaps and ensure sustainable water management practices.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipKing Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [RSPD2024R665]en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors acknowledge the funding from Researchers Supporting Project number (RSPD2024R665) , King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and also thankful to the Higher Education Commission, Pakistan for access and provision of data.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107413
dc.identifier.issn0375-6742
dc.identifier.issn1879-1689
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85184997823en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107413
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14551/21135
dc.identifier.volume259en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001188317100001en_US
dc.identifier.wosqualityN/Aen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Scienceen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopusen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherElsevieren_US
dc.relation.ispartofJournal Of Geochemical Explorationen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessen_US
dc.subjectFluorosisen_US
dc.subjectDrinking Wateren_US
dc.subjectHealth Risken_US
dc.subjectNitrate Pollution Indexen_US
dc.subjectPakistanen_US
dc.subjectMineral-Resourcesen_US
dc.subjectContaminationen_US
dc.subjectGroundwateren_US
dc.subjectBalochistanen_US
dc.subjectTharparkaren_US
dc.subjectDistricten_US
dc.subjectBasinen_US
dc.subjectBelten_US
dc.titleSpatial distribution and potential health risk assessment for fluoride and nitrate via water consumption in Pakistanen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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