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Öğe Airborne and soilborne microfungi in the vicinity Hamitabat Thermic Power Plant in Kirklareli City (Turkey), their seasonal distributions and relations with climatological factors(Springer, 2010) Asan, Ahmet; Okten, Suzan Sarica; Sen, BurhanSoil and air samples of seven different localities around Hamitabat Thermic Power Plant, 10 km far away from Luleburgaz/Kirklareli (Turkey), were taken between the years 2003 and 2004 with seasonal intervals. The samples were brought to the laboratory and their microfungal identifications were done. From the air samples, 737 microfungi colonies were isolated comprising 26 species belonging to eight genera. From soil samples, 170.6 x 10(4) colony-forming unit (CFU)/g was isolated from 33 species belonging to 16 genera. The most isolated genus from air samples was Alternaria (324 CFU, 43.96%), followed by Cladosporium (208 CFU, 25.52%) and Phoma (44 CFU, 5.40%). Penicillium was the most isolated genus from the soil samples with a value of 560,000 CFU/g (32.8%), followed by Fusarium (226,000 CFU/g, 13.12%) and Aspergillus (154,000 CFU/g, 9.03%). Among these species, Alternaria citri and Alternaria alternata are the most abundant species in air with 164 and 107 CFU, respectively, whereas Fusarium graminearum and Penicillium citrinum are the most abundant species in soil with CFU per gram values of 17.8 x 10(4) and 1.3 x 10(5). Correlation analysis was applied to determine whether or not there was a relationship between colony number of isolated fungal genera and meteorological factors. Some parameters of soil samples' incontent during the research period were calculated using a computer analysis program. From the air samples, a positive correlation was found between relative humidity and Alternaria colonial counts and Cladosporium spore counts (r = 0.912 and r = 1.000, respectively). Similarly, with the analysis of soil samples, a positive correlation between colonial counts of Alternaria and soil pH and a positive correlation between colonial counts of Aspergillus and Penicillium and salt percentage concentration of soil were found.Öğe AIRBORNE FUNGAL BIODIVERSITY IN INDOOR AND OUTDOOR AIR OF THREE MOSQUES IN EDIRNE CITY, TURKEY(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Tikvesli, Melek; Asan, Ahmet; Gurcan, Saban; Sen, BurhanThe purpose of our study is to determine the fungal numbers and type of air fungi in indoor and outdoor air ambient of three different mosques in Edirne City. Research materials were taken from indoor and outdoor environments of three different mosques in Edirne once a month during 12 months between October 2008 and September 2009. Samples were taken (in indoor and outdoor environments, 1 minute each of them and 100 liters) from selected stations by using Air Sampling Device (Merck Millipore Air Sampler, Germany). Fungi samples were taken from indoor and outdoor environments of each station approximately 1 m above. Identification of fungi carried out by classical methods such as morphology and colonial characteristics of fungi. 22 fungal genera and 69 fungal species belonging these genera were determined. Cladosporium genus was the most abundant among airborne fungi with 2338 CFU/m(3) (52.90%) It was followed by Penicillium genus with 875 CFU/m(3) (16.55%), Alternaria genus with 457 CFU/m(3) (8.64%) Aspergillus genus with 216 CFU/m(3) (4.08%). About Fungal genera and total microfungi concentrations during the study period, maximum value of fungal concentrations in indoor air was determined as 609 CFU/m(3) (11.52%) in mosque C in September and maximum value in outdoor air was determined as 961 CFU/m(3) (18,18%) at the same place in September. It was observed that fungi concentrations in three mosques were in healthy limit values. Considering whether there is a relationship between fungi and meteorological factors, it was determined that the Alternaria genus was not affected by any meteorological conditions.Öğe AIRBORNE FUNGAL DIVERSITY INSIDE A NURSING HOME IN EDIRNE, TURKEY(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Yilmaz, Oznur; Asan, Ahmet; Aydogdu, Halide; Sen, BurhanWe aimed to determine the indoor airborne fungal concentration and diversity of a nursing home in Edirne City (Turkey). We sampled indoor airborne fungal sampling two times a month during 6 months period from 9 different places of nursing home. Also we investigated distribution of fungi as monthly seasonal and relationship with meteorological factors. We determined 9.520 CFU/m(3) fungal colonies by aspiration 21.600 L of air using 216 Petri plates for fungal isolation. The highest fungal counts were found in dining hall and the lowest in lounge. Also the highest fungal counts found in April and lowest in December. We determined 80 fungal species belonging to the 31 genera. The most appearing fungal genera were Penicillium, Cladosporium and Aspergillus and Penicillium genus had highest species diversity with 34 species. We determined Penicillium, Cladosporiurn, Aspergillus, Mycelia sterilia and Alternaria in all months. Penicillium and Aspergillus genera were the most appeared in April and Cladosporium was in May. Correlation of Alternaria, Aspergillus and Cladosporium genera with temperature was found significant as statistics (*p<0.05). There are living old humans whose have generally health problems in nursing homes and determination of indoor airborne fungi in these places are important for prevent allergic reactions and potential fungal infections.Öğe Airborne microfungi in Oncology Service of Medical School Hospital of Trakya University(Sage Publications Ltd, 2015) Okten, Suzan; Sen, Burhan; Asan, Ahmet; Bahadir, NurcanThis study was performed in six different stations - drug preparation, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and three different patient rooms - in Oncology Service of Trakya University Medical Hospital in Edirne. Indoor air samples of equal volumes of 100 L were taken twice a month during the six-month study period. The analysis of samples showed that 8540 microfungi colonies were present in a total of 7.2 m(3) air sample. November and April were found to be the months during which the highest numbers of fungal spores were isolated with 2570 CFU/m(3) and 2060 CFU/m(3), respectively, while the lowest spore counts were isolated during January (730 CFU/m(3)). Penicillium was found to be the most commonly isolated fungal genus with 2950 CFU/m(3)/spore followed by Cladosporium with 2110 CFU/m(3). The other fungal genera isolated during the study are Aspergillus (640 CFU/m(3)), Alternaria (200 CFU/m(3)), Trichoderma (70 CFU/m(3)) and Rhizopus (40 CFU/m(3)). Among the most frequently isolated fungal species, Penicillium brevicompactum was the most common species with 960 CFU/m(3) followed by Cladosporium cladosporioides with 930 CFU/m(3). Aspergillus fumigatus, the fungal species of paramount importance in terms of human health, was also reported with a 410 CFU/m(3). Statistical analyses were performed in order to reveal the relationship between microfungal colony numbers isolated and station temperature and relative humidity.Öğe Aspergillus alliaceus, a new potential biological control of the root parasitic weed Orobanche(Wiley-Blackwell, 2014) Aybeke, Mehmet; Sen, Burhan; Okten, SuzanDuring extensive surveys in fields heavily infested by broomrape in the Trakya Region-Turkey, a different new fungus, Aspergillus alliaceus, was isolated from the infected broomrape. It is aimed to investigate whether or not it is really a pathogen for Orobanche. The fungi was exposed to a greenhouse environment in order to assess its pathogenicity and virulence against Orobanche cernua. In addition, infection tests on Orobanche seeds were also performed under laboratory conditions. The fungus was subjected using two different methods, exposure to a liquid culture with conidial solution and a sclerotial solid culture with fungal mycelia. Cytological studies were carried out at light, TEM and SEM levels. The results show that the sclerotial solid culture with fungal mycelia quickly caused necrosis and was more effective than the other type. It also greatly diminished attachments, tubercles, and caused the emergence of shoots and an increase in the total shoot number of Orobanche. In addition, both when the fungi was exposed to both soil and used to contaminate sunflower seeds, its pathogenicity was more effective. Consequently, it was determined that A. alliaceus was an effective potential biological control of broomrape throughout its life cycle from dormant seed to mature plant.Öğe Biodiversity of Penicillium species isolated from Edirne Söğütlük Forest soil (Turkey)(2019) Kolanlarlı, Tugba Korur; Asan, Ahmet; Sen, Burhan; Ökten, SuzanWe studied Penicillium species isolated from forest soil and aimed to be detected with morphologically, colonial-molecular methods and species diversity. Soil sample was taken Edirne Söğütlük Forest in October, 2015 and 10 cm deep under aseptic conditions and Waksman’s ‘Soil Dilution Method’ was used for the isolation of Penicillium species; some books and articles have been used for morphological and colonial identification. The service was purchased for the molecular diagnosis of fungi and the company used the Bio-Speedy ™ Fungal DNA Isolation Kit for isolation. As PCR Kit, Bio-Speedy™, yeast and mould real-time PCR rapid detection kit was used. The obtained sequences were subjected to BLAST analysis similar sequences using the gene bank and to draw phylogenetic tree, used Mega 7 software. Twelve species belonging to the genus Penicillium were identified; these are: P. chrysogenum, P. citrinum, P. commune, P. manginii (current name: Penicillium atrosanguineum) , P. ubiquetum (New record for Turkey), P. camemberti, P. sanguifluum, P. janczewskii, P. canescens, P. roseopurpureum, P. steckii (current name: Penicillium citrinum), P. hordei.Öğe Edirne İli Söğütlük Ormanı Toprağından İzole Edilen Aspergillus Türlerinin Biyoçeşitliliği(2018) Ayan, Eda Gizem; Asan, Ahmet; Sen, Burhan; Okten, SuzanÇalışmamızda, Edirne ili orman topraklarından izole edilen Aspergillus türlerinin morfolojik-koloniyal ve moleküler yöntemlerle teşhis edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, Edirne Söğütlük Ormanından, 2016 yılı Mart ayında Brown’un metodu kullanılarak toprak örnekleri alınmıştır. Topraktan fungus izolasyonu için “Toprağı Sulandırma Metodu” kullanılmıştır. Morfolojik çalışmalar için CZ, CYA, CY20S, MEA besiyerlerine yapılan ekimlerden sonra, mikroskobik ve makroskobik karakterler incelenmiştir. Moleküler çalışmalar için ise sırasıyla DNA izolasyonu, calmodulin gen bölgesini hedefleyen PCR işlemleri, PCR ürününün saflaştırılması, dizi analizi ve filogenetik analiz aşamaları uygulanmıştır. Çalışmalar sonucunda 7 adet Aspergillus türü tespit edilmiştir. Bu türler, Aspergillus affinis (Türkiye için yeni kayıt), Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus dimorphicus , Aspergillus europaeus (Türkiye için yeni kayıt), Aspergillus spelaeus (Türkiye için yeni kayıt) ve Aspergillus fischeri’dir.Öğe Fungal Biodiversity on Slippers and Carpets Dusts in Three Mosques of Edirne City, Turkey(2020) Tikveşli, Melek; Asan, Ahmet; Gurcan, Saban; Sen, BurhanThis study was conducted for the purpose of identifying the microfungi types and numbers in carpets, carpet dusts and slippers in three mosques in the Edirne City and surveying of microfungi during perform an ablution. It was isolated 78.937 CFU/g microfungi in total during 12 months from the samples taken between the dates of October 2008 and September 2009 from the stations. Of the microfungi 83 CFU/g were dermatophyte. It was identified only one dermatophyte in the slippers. It was identified 24 fungal species in carpet samples. The genus Penicilium was on the first rank with 18.553 CFU/g and 49.03 % in carpets, followed by Trichoderma with 13.666 CFU/g and 25 %, and followed Cladosporium ranked three with 96.666 CFU/g and 12.34 %. It was found the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum in the mosques only for once (July 2009). Statistical analysis for identifying whether the fungal types and the total microfungi concentrations are related with various meteorological factors. The highest value in indoor carpets was isolated as 6.084 CFU/g on the October. As a result, it was identified that the carpet dust fungus concentrations in three mosques are within the range of healthy limit values.Öğe Fungal flora in indoor and outdoor air of different residential houses in Tekirdag City (Turkey): Seasonal distribution and relationship with climatic factors(Springer, 2009) Sen, Burhan; Asan, AhmetThis study was investigated the density and monthly distribution of indoor and outdoor microfungi in six different residential houses in Tekirdag City through the exposure of Petri dishes containing Rose-Bengal Streptomycin Agar media. Samples were collected in 1-month intervals over a period of 12 months between March, 2001, and February, 2002. We used 432 Petri dishes and counted a total of 4,205 microfungi colonies, 1,790 from indoor air and 2,415 from outdoor air. As a result, 42 species belonging to 12 genera were identified. The most frequent fungal genera were Penicillium (28.61%), Cladosporium (16.08%) and Alternaria (15.98%). While Penicillium (40.61%) and Cladosporium (15.92%) were the dominant genera of indoor air, Alternaria (20.62%) and Penicillium (19.71%) were isolated most frequently from outdoor air (Table 3). Alternaria citri (10.15%) and Penicillium brevicompactum (10.15%) were found to be the most frequent among the 42 identified species. While P. brevicompactum (19.55%) and Aspergillus niger (6.37%) were the most frequent indoor species, A. citri (13.37%) and Cladosporium cladosporioides (8.20%) were the most frequent outdoor species. Linear Regression Analysis was applied to determine whether or not there was a relationship between the number of colonies of isolated fungal genera and meteorological factors during the research period. Correlations between the presence of Aspergillus and temperature, relative humidity, duration of sunny periods and agents of air pollution such as SO2 and PM were statistically significant. No significant correlations, however, were found between other fungal genera and environmental variables.Öğe Indoor airborne fungal pollution in newborn units in Turkey(Springer, 2017) Demirel, Rasime; Sen, Burhan; Kadaifciler, Duygu; Yoltas, Aysegul; Okten, Suzan; Ozkale, Evrim; Berikten, DeryaPathogenic and/or opportunistic fungal species are major causes of nosocomial infections, especially in controlled environments where immunocompromised patients are hospitalized. Indoor fungal contamination in hospital air is associated with a wide range of adverse health effects. Regular determination of fungal spore counts in controlled hospital environments may help reduce the risk of fungal infections. Because infants have inchoate immune systems, they are given immunocompromised patient status. The aim of the present study was to evaluate culturable airborne fungi in the air of hospital newborn units in the Thrace, Marmara, Aegean, and Central Anatolia regions of Turkey. A total of 108 air samples were collected seasonally from newborn units in July 2012, October 2012, January 2013, and April 2013 by using an air sampler and dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18) as isolation media. We obtained 2593 fungal colonies comprising 370 fungal isolates representing 109 species of 28 genera, which were identified through multi-loci gene sequencing. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Talaromyces, and Alternaria were the most abundant genera identified (35.14, 25.40, 17.57, 2.70, and 6.22% of the total, respectively).Öğe Is next generation sequencing an alternative to cultivation-based methods for investigating fungal diversity in indoor air samples?(Springer, 2020) Okten, Suzan; Sen, Burhan; Onurdag, Fatma Kaynak; Kolukirik, Mustafa; Asan, AhmetThe direct effect of fungi on human health makes the fungal diversity in the air an important and necessary subject for examination. Studies that determine fungal diversity generally depends on culture methods. Developed culture-independent methods eliminate many disadvantages of existing culture-dependent methods. In our study, duplicate air samples were collected on 5 different days at a Microbiology Research Laboratory to compare these methods. Samples were collected in 3 different groups: (A) culture method and ITS-targeted Sanger DNA sequencing with 100 L samples, (B) culture method and ITS-targeted Sanger DNA sequencing with 1000 L samples, (C) filter method and next generation sequencing with 1000 L air sample. The Groups A, B and C defines culture, isolation and SANGER DNA-based methods, culture and next generation sequencing methods and directly next generation sequencing methods, respectively. Method-A failed to represent real fungal diversity. Method-B did represent the diversity but did not truly represent relative abundance of the species. Method-C can be completed in 2 days whereas Method-A and B can be completed in 2 weeks and 1 week, respectively. In conclusion, we recommend direct DNA isolation which is followed by ITS-targeted NGS in order to study fungal diversity in indoor air environments.Öğe Mycological contamination in dental unit waterlines in Istanbul, Turkey(Springer, 2013) Kadaifciler, Duygu Goksay; Okten, Suzan; Sen, BurhanStudies on dental units (DUs) are conducted either for the prevention or the reduction of the density of bacterial contamination in dental unit waterlines (DUWLs). However, the existence of fungi in the these systems requires more attention. During dental treatment, direct contact with water contaminated with fungi such as Candida, Aspergillus, or inhalation of aerosols from high-speed drill may cause various respiratory infections, such as asthma, allergies, and wounds on mucose membranes, especially on immunocompromised patients and dentists. The aims of this study are to investigate the number and colonization of fungi in DUWLs in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. Water samples were collected from air-water syringes, high-speed drills, and inlet waters from 41 DUs. The aerobic mesophilic fungi count in high-speed drills was higher than inlet waters and air-water syringes. Non-sporulating fungi were found in 7 DUs. The isolated fungi were identified as Penicillium waksmanii, Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Candida famata, Cryptococcus laurentii, Candida guilliermondii, Penicillium verrucosum, Aspergillus pseudoglaucus, Penicillium decumbens, and Acremonium sp. Some of these fungal genera are known as opportunistic pathogens that led to respiratory diseases such as allergic rhinits. This study shows the importance of regular control of mycological contamination on water at DUs.Öğe A NOVEL BIOSENSOR BASED ON Lactobacillus acidophilus FOR DETERMINATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN MILK PRODUCTS AND WASTEWATER(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2011) Sagiroglu, Ayten; Paluzar, Hatice; Ozcan, Hakki Mevlut; Okten, Suzan; Sen, BurhanDifferent branches of industry need to use phenolic compounds (PCs) in their production, so determination of PCs sensitively, accurately, rapidly, and economically is very important. For the sensitive determination of PCs, some biosensors based on pure polyphenol oxidase, plant tissu, e and microorganisms were developed before. But there has been no study to develop a microbial phenolic compounds biosensor based on Lactobacillus species, which contain polyphenol oxidase enzyme. In this study, we used different forms of Lactobacillus species as enzyme sources of biosensor and compared biosensor performances of these forms for determination of PCs. For this purpose, we used lyophilized Lactobacillus cells (containing L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus), pure L. acidophilus, pure L. bulgaricus, and L. acidophilus-and L. bulgaricus adapted to catechol in Lactobacilli MRS Broth. The most suitable form was determined and optimization studies of the biosensor were carried out by using this form. For preparing the bioactive layer of the biosensor, the Lactobacillus cells were immobilized in gelatin by using glutaraldehyde. In the study, we used catechol as a substrate. Phenolic compound determination is based on the assay of the differences on the respiration activity of the cells on the oxygen meter in the absence and the presence of catechol. The microbial biosensor response depends directly on catechol concentration between 0.5 and 5.0 mM with 18 min response time. In the optimization studies of the microbial biosensor the most suitable microorganism amount was found to be 10 mg, and also phosphate buffer (pH 8.0; 50 mM) and 37.5 degrees C were obtained as the optimum working conditions. In the characterization studies of the microbial biosensor some parameters such as substrate specificity on the biosensor response and operational and storage stability were examine. Furthermore, the determination of PC levels in synthetic wastewater, industrial wastewater, and milk products was investigated by using the developed biosensor under optimum conditions.Öğe Pesta granule trials with Aspergillus alliaceus for the biocontrol of Orobanche spp.(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015) Aybeke, Mehmet; Sen, Burhan; Okten, SuzanThe pathogenic fungus Aspergillus alliaceus has been shown to have potential for the biocontrol of Orobanche spp. (broomrape), a root parasitic plant. The effectiveness of A. alliaceus in reducing Orobanche infection was analysed using pesta granules prepared with different food formulations. The results showed that pesta granules comprising of fungal mycelia/spore mixtures from liquid and solid culture, sclerotia and fungal mycelia reduced Orobanche infection to a greater extent in below ground conditions when applied early and at high doses before crop sowing. In addition, pesta granules eliminated the risk of broomrape contamination within a 0.2-0.3 cm diameter of the granules. The sclerotial pathogenicity of A. alliaceus was compared with those of other fungi reported in other studies. In addition, some morphological and histological studies on the fungal pathogenicity on broomrape plants after infection are presented. The present study reveals the potential of sclerotial A. alliaceus pesta granule applications for long-term broomrape biocontrol under field conditions.Öğe Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated for the first time in laying hens, and their susceptibility to antibiotics(Elsevier, 2024) Polat, Ibrahim; Sen, Burhan; Onurdag, Fatma KaynakIn this study, a total of 323 drag swab samples were taken from laying hen fresh feces from 3 different provinces (Kirklareli, Edirne, and Tekirdag), which are located in the European part of Tueurorkiye. According to the ISO 6579: 2002 method, 17.3% of the samples were found positive for Salmonella. Obtained 56 Salmonella isolates were serotyped by slide agglutination using antisera according to Kauffmann White Le Minor Scheme. Sixteen sero-types of Salmonella were identified as S. Typhimurium (28.6%), S. Kentucky (17.9%), S. Abony (16.1%), S. Infantis (8.9%), S. Enteritidis (5.4%), S. Anatum (3.6%), S. Saintpaul (3.6%), S. Szentes (1.8%), S. Dibra (1.8%), S. Fallowfield (1.8%), S. Kimuenza (1.8%), S. Escanaba (1.8%), S. Nagoya (1.8%), S. Mbandaka (1.8%), S. Agona (1.8%), and Salmonella II 17: e, n, x, z15: 1,6 (1.8%). Isolations of S. Kimuenza, S. Escanaba, and S. Nagoya from laying hens are reported for the first time in Tueurorkiye. The isolations of S. Dibra, S. Fallowfield, S. Szentes, and Salmonella II 17: e, n, x, z(15): 1,6 from laying hens are the first report in the world. A total of 56 Salmonella isolates were tested for susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefepime, azithromycin, cefoxitin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole by the disk diffusion method. While 10% of S. Kentucky isolates were resistant to ofloxacin, and S. Kimuenza was only resistant to chloramphenicol.
