Kontrabas için yazılmış çağdaş dönem eserlerinin üslup, kontrabas çalma teknikleri ve kontrabas eğitimi açılardan incelenmesi
Loading...
Date
2020
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Trakya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Access Rights
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Abstract
1900’lü yılların başından itibaren oluşmaya başlayan çağdaş dönem sanata yeni bakış açıları getirmiş ve bu dönemin müziğe de yansıyan etkileri olmuştur. Çağdaş müziğe özelliklerini kazandıran birçok sanatsal-müziksel akım bu dönemde ortaya çıkmış ve kontrabasa ilişkin müziği de etkilemiştir. Çağdaş dönemdeki yeni besteleme teknikleri çalgılara da yansımış ve çalma tekniklerinde de yenilikler gözlenmiştir. Yine bu dönemde ortaya çıkan kontrabas çalma tekniklerini öğretici eserler kontrabasın pedagojik anlamda gelişimini desteklerken, ayarlanabilir köprü, kırık pik, uzatılan tel akort sistemi gibi fiziksel anlamdaki yenilikler ve değişimler kontrabasa yansıyan diğer gelişmeler olmuştur. Kullanılan geçmiş dönem çalma tekniklerinin yanı sıra eserlerinde çalgıların sınırlarını zorlayan besteciler kontrabasın geniş gövdesini bir perküsyon olarak kullanmış, parmak, tırnak, el, arşe ya da farklı materyaller ile ses elde etmeyi amaçlamışlardır. Çalgısal icra ile birlikte ve çalgısal icrada bulunmakta olan çalgıcının kendisi tarafından seslendirilmek üzere vokal partileri yazılmış, bu partiler bazen şiir, bazen fonetik alfabede kullanılan harfler, bazen de şarkı olmuştur. Bu dönem tekniklerinin bir kısmı farklı çalgıların çalınma tekniklerinden de etkilenerek ortaya çıkmış, kontrabas bazen gitar, bazen de mandolin ya da arp gibi çalınmıştır. Scordatura olarak adlandırılan alternatif akortlama sistemi geçmiş dönemlerde de kullanılmış ancak, bu sistem çağdaş dönemde daha verimli kullanılmış ve çağdaş kontrabas repertuvarında geniş yer bulmuştur. Geçmiş dönemden günümüze uzanan sanatsal-müziksel birikim ve deneyimlerin çağdaş estetik anlayış, yenilik arayışları ve teknoloji ile harmanlanması sürecinde farklı nitelikte eserler ortaya çıkmış, besteci, icracı, öğrenci ve dinleyiciye yeni ufuklar açmıştır.
The contemporary period, which started to form from the beginning of the 1900s, brought about new perspectives to art and this period has also significant impact on music. Many artistic-musical movements that gave contemporary music its characteristics emerged in this period and also influenced the music related to the double bass. New composing techniques in the contemporary period have also been reflected in instruments and innovations have been observed in playing techniques. Also, while the educational works on the double bass playing techniques that emerged in this period supported the pedagogical development of the double bass, the physical innovations and changes such as adjustable bridge, broken endpin, string extension tuning system were other developments reflected on the double bass. In addition to the previous playing techniques, the composers who pushed the limits of the instrument in their works used the wide body of the double bass as a percussion and aimed to obtain sound with finger, nail, hand, bow or with different materials. Along with the instrumental performance, vocal parties were composed for performer, to sing while performing and these parties were sometimes poetry, letters used in the phonetic alphabet, sometimes song. Some of the techniques of this period emerged due to the influence of the playing techniques of different instruments and the double bass played sometimes like a mandolin or a harp. The alternative tuning system called Scordatura was used in the past but this system used more efficiently in the contemporary period and has found a wide place in the contemporary double bass repertoire. In the process of blending artistic-musical accumulation and experiences from the past to the present with contemporary aesthetic understanding, the pursuit of iii innovation and technology, works of different qualities have emerged, and new horizons have been opened for composers, performers and listeners.
The contemporary period, which started to form from the beginning of the 1900s, brought about new perspectives to art and this period has also significant impact on music. Many artistic-musical movements that gave contemporary music its characteristics emerged in this period and also influenced the music related to the double bass. New composing techniques in the contemporary period have also been reflected in instruments and innovations have been observed in playing techniques. Also, while the educational works on the double bass playing techniques that emerged in this period supported the pedagogical development of the double bass, the physical innovations and changes such as adjustable bridge, broken endpin, string extension tuning system were other developments reflected on the double bass. In addition to the previous playing techniques, the composers who pushed the limits of the instrument in their works used the wide body of the double bass as a percussion and aimed to obtain sound with finger, nail, hand, bow or with different materials. Along with the instrumental performance, vocal parties were composed for performer, to sing while performing and these parties were sometimes poetry, letters used in the phonetic alphabet, sometimes song. Some of the techniques of this period emerged due to the influence of the playing techniques of different instruments and the double bass played sometimes like a mandolin or a harp. The alternative tuning system called Scordatura was used in the past but this system used more efficiently in the contemporary period and has found a wide place in the contemporary double bass repertoire. In the process of blending artistic-musical accumulation and experiences from the past to the present with contemporary aesthetic understanding, the pursuit of iii innovation and technology, works of different qualities have emerged, and new horizons have been opened for composers, performers and listeners.
Description
Keywords
Kontrabas, Çağdaş, Üslup, Teknikler, Eğitim, Double bass, Contemporary, Style, Techniques, Education
