Determination of salt concentration in water using decision trees and electromagnetic waves

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dc.contributor.authorEfeoglu, Ebru
dc.contributor.authorTuna, Gurkan
dc.date.accessioned2024-06-12T10:50:18Z
dc.date.available2024-06-12T10:50:18Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.departmentTrakya Üniversitesien_US
dc.description.abstractSalt water adversely affects human health and plant growth. In parallel with the increasing interest in non-contact determination of salt concentration in water, a novel approach is proposed in this study. In the proposed approach, S parameter measurements, which show the scattering properties of electromagnetic waves, are used. First, the relationship between salt concentration in water and permittivity values, a distinguishing feature for liquids, is shown. Then, based on the derived correlations from a set of S parameter measurements, it is shown that the salt concentration in water can be predicted. Finally, after exactly determining the relations of permittivity, salt concentration and S parameter, a system that allows non-contact determination of salt concentration is proposed. Since the proposed system makes its prediction using a classifier, decision tree algorithms are employed for this purpose. In order to evaluate the appropriateness and success of the algorithms, a set of classification experiments were held using various water samples with different levels of salt concentration. The results of the classification experiments show that the Hoeffding tree algorithm achieved the best results and is the most suitable decision tree algorithm for determining the salt concentration of liquids. For this reason, the proposed non-contact approach can be used to determine the salt concentration in water reliably and quickly if its hardware and software components can be embedded into a prototype system.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.2166/wh.2022.302
dc.identifier.endpage815en_US
dc.identifier.issn1477-8920
dc.identifier.issn1996-7829
dc.identifier.issue5en_US
dc.identifier.pmid35635774en_US
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85131226472en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2en_US
dc.identifier.startpage803en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2022.302
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14551/17960
dc.identifier.volume20en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000796026400001en_US
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ3en_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Scienceen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopusen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMeden_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherIwa Publishingen_US
dc.relation.ispartofJournal Of Water And Healthen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.subjectAccuracyen_US
dc.subjectDecision Treesen_US
dc.subjectElectromagnetic Wavesen_US
dc.subjectHoeffding Treeen_US
dc.subjectS Parametersen_US
dc.subjectSalt Concentrationen_US
dc.subjectSalinityen_US
dc.subjectTemperatureen_US
dc.subjectSensoren_US
dc.titleDetermination of salt concentration in water using decision trees and electromagnetic wavesen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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