An investigation on classic music and violin family instruments in the ottoman empire
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Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Fikri Soysal
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Along with the westernization attempts that developed in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Ottoman Empire followed the developments in the West and made innovations in many areas. Music culture was also affected by the innovation efforts carried out in this process, Western-style bands were established in the Ottoman Empire, where folk music and Ottoman art music existed until the 19th century, and Western music began to become widespread in the palace and society. The first contacts of the Ottoman state with Western music date back to earlier times; It dates back as the 16th century, but the profound interest and systematic approach took place in the 19th century. Sultan Abdülmecid was the first ruler among the Ottoman rulers to study western music and play the piano. Sultan III. Selim, on the other hand, was interested in both Western music and Turkish Turkish music. He received detailed information about the opera from the ambassadors of his time and brought an opera to the palace in 1797 and played it. With the effect of the weakening of the military power of the Ottoman Empire, Mehterhane was closed by Mahmud II in 1826, and the Muzika-i Hümayun palace band school, which adopted the Western understanding, was established. With the establishment of this school, Western Music became institutionalized and its importance increased in the palace. As anext step, Italian musician Giuseppe Donizetti, who had worked as a band supervisor in the Napoleonic army for years, was appointed as the head of the Muzika-ı Hümayun in 1828. When Donizetti took office, he first gave theoretical training in Western music and explained the equivalents of Turkish pitch names in Western music. He worked hard for the development and spread of western music until his death. Towards the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman sultans’ interest in European culture and music increased, the sultan and his families received violin and piano training. Some of the sultans also composed Western music compositions. It is known that Sultan Abdulaziz was the first sultan to compose Western music. V. Murad, on the other hand, has a three-volume piano composition archive, and he arranged a folk melody in the form of Western music for the first time. Sultan II. Abdülhamit brought piano and various instruments, and his children received instrument training from French and Italian teachers. He formed an opera and operetta ensemble consisting of Italians in his palace and brought artists from abroad to give concerts in Yıldız Palace. After Giuseppe Donizetti, Guatelli became the head of Muzika-yı Hümayun and harmonized some Turkish songs in the form of Western music, while D’Aranda Pasha made a great contribution by creating an archive of notes. After the proclamation of the Constitutional Monarchy (Meşrutiyet) in 1908, Saffet Atabinen became the head of the institution and became the first Turk to lead the community. In this process, classical music started to become widespread among the society in Istanbul, and cultivated families gave their children piano and violin education. Before the westernization process, music was practised through master-apprentice relationship in the Ottoman period. The westernization process and then the proclamation of the Republic left its place to notes, books and scientific methods. In this way, Western music culture has become widespread today, and by establishing conservatories that provide Western music education, this culture is aimed to be developed in the society. The first string instrument that came to the Ottoman Empire from the violin family is the viola d’amora (sinekeman). It has lost its popularity since the second half of the 19th century, but has not been completely out of use. There is no certain information about when modern violin came in Ottoman music. Kemani Hızır Ağa is an important figure on this subject. He received violin training from Âmâ Corci and reached the level of mastery by joining the musician staff of the palace. The use and spread of violin family instruments accelerated with the establishment of Muzika-i Hümayun. The establishment of the section on string instruments of Muzika-i Hümayun was realized in 1846 with the individual efforts of Donizetti. An orchestra of female musicians was formed in the Ottoman Palace and women played the violin, cello and double bass in this orchestra. Vondra Bey, who was the chief violinist of the Muzika-i Hümayun Orchestra in the 19th century, was sent to Vienna by Sultan Abdulhamid for education and following a successful period of education, he taught Zeki Üngör. Zeki Üngör participated Muzika-i Hümayun at the age of eleven and became the first Turkish concert violinist after a successful education process. Following this, he was appointed as the chief violinist instead of Vondra Bey, who was his teacher in the opera orchestra. Cello and double bass, other members of the violin family, began to be used in the Ottoman Empire with the spread of Western music in the 19th century. The use of the cello in Turkish music was in the Muzika-i Hümayun orchestras, but it was included in the saz teams for the first time by Tanburî Cemil Bey. Callisto Guatelli, one of the conductors of the Muzika-i Hümayun, worked with the best double bass players of his time. Guatelli is the first musician who was trained on double bass in the Ottoman Empire. Violin family instruments, which started to be used in Ottoman music as a result of the effects of westernization attempts on music in the 19th century, were used throughout the palace life and have become indispensable instruments of orchestras today. © 2021, Fikri Soysal. All rights reserved.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Classical Music; Ottoman Empire; String Instruments; Violin Family
Kaynak
Rast Müzikoloji Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
N/A
Cilt
9
Sayı
1
