Fethiye Camii ve Müzesi (Pammakaristos Kilisesi) mimarisi ve resim programı
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2022
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
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Yayıncı
Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bizans sanatı, büyük oranda din öğretilerini insanoğluna daha kolay biçimde aktarmayı amaçlayan bir sanat olsa da Geç Bizans Dönemi?nde, yalnızca bu gayeden ziyade imparatorluğun estetik kaygılarını dışa yansıtan bir güç göstergesi haline gelmiştir. Bizans öncesi ve sonrasında önemli devletlere başkentlik yapmış olan Haliç coğrafyası, boğazlar üzerindeki hâkimiyetin vermiş olduğu ekonomik refahın yanı sıra Hz. Muhammed?in “İstanbul?u fetheden komutan ne güzel komutan, o ordu ne güzel ordudur” hadisi, toprakların islamiyet sonrası dinsel öneminin artmasını sağlamıştır. İstanbul?un pek çok noktasından görülmesi mümkün olan, İstanbul?un beşinci tepesindeki Pammakaristos Kilisesi (Fethiye Cami), imparatorluğun mimariye ayırdığı ekonomiyi ve dine verdikleri önemi göstermenin önemli bir simgesi olarak değerlendirilebilir. Başkent İstanbul?daki Dehlizli plan tipine sahip üç yapıdan birisi olan Pammakaristos Kilisesi, bu yönüyle de oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Kiliseye sonradan eklenen şapel ise Palaiologoslar Dönemi?nde İstanbul?da Yunan Haçı planıyla karşımıza çıkan tek mimari yapıdır. Bizans yapılarının yakınında görmeye alışık olunan sarnıcın, ana yapının altında bulunması, kiliseyi ilginç kılan bir diğer önemli unsur olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Cephelerindeki süsleme unsurlarıyla tam bir Geç Dönem yapısı olan Pammakaristos Kilisesi, şapelin içerisinde bulunan fresk ve mozaikleri ile Bizans süsleme sanatını izleyiciye aktaran nadir eserlerden birisi olma özelliğini korumayı sürdürmektedir. İstanbul?un fethi ile Haliç?in hâkimiyeti Osmanlı Devleti?nin eline geçmiş olsa da Fatih Sultan Mehmet Hristiyan dinine saygı duyarak yapıyı yıktırmamış yahut camiye çevirmemiştir. Yapı Osmanlı?nın hâkimiyetinde Sultan III. Murat döneminde camiye dönüştürülmüş ancak mozaiklerin bulunduğu mezar şapeline dokunulmamıştır. Günümüzde ise müze olarak kullanılan mezar şapeli, barındırdığı mozaikleri ile de dönemin ruhunu yaşatmaya devam etmektedir. Bu tez kapsamında ele alınan Pammakaristos Kilisesi, tarihçe, plan, mimari, yapı elemanları, süsleme programı, geçirdiği restorasyonlar ve güncel veriler ışğında ele alınmış ve detaylı biçimde incelenmiştir. Böylece İstanbul?da yer alan Bizans Dönemi kiliseleri arasında önemli bir konuma sahip kilisenin Sanat Tarihi literatüründeki yeri ve önemi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Although Byzantine art is an art that aims to convey religious teachings to human beings more easily, it has become a power indicator that reflects the aesthetic concerns of the Empire rather than just this purpose in the Late Byzantine Period. The geography of the Golden Horn, which was the capital of important states before and after Byzantium, besides the economic prosperity of the domination over the straits, The hadith of Muhammad, "Verily you shall conquer Constantinople. What a wonderful leader will he be, and what a wonderful army will that army be!" , has increased the religious importance of the lands after Islam. The Pammakaristos Church (Fethiye Mosque) on the fifth hill of Istanbul, which can be seen from many points of Istanbul, can be considered as an important symbol of showing the economy that the Empire devoted to architecture and the importance they gave to religion. Pammakaristos Church, which is one of the three structures with a cloister plan type in the capital Istanbul, has a very important place in this respect. The chapel, which was added to the church later, is the only architectural structure that we encounter with the Greek Cross plan in Istanbul during the Palaiologos Period. The cistern, which we are accustomed to seeing near Byzantine buildings, is located under the main building, which draws attention as another important element that makes the church interesting. Pammakaristos Church, which is a late period structure with its ornamental elements on its facades, continues to be one of the rare works that convey the Byzantine ornamental art to the audience with its frescoes and mosaics in the chapel. Although the dominance of the Golden Horn was taken over by the Ottoman Empire with the conquest of Istanbul, Fatih Sultan Mehmet did not demolish the building or turn it into a mosque, respecting the Christian religion. The structure was converted into a mosque during the Sultan III. Murat period, but the tomb chapel, where the mosaics are located, was not touched. Today, the tomb chapel, which is used as a museum, continues to keep the spirit of the era alive with its mosaics. The Pammakaristos Church, has been discussed and examined in detail in the light of its history, plan, architecture, building elements, ornament program, restorations and current data. Thus, the place and importance of the church, which has an important position among the Byzantine Period churches in Istanbul, in the literature of Art History has been tried to be revealed.
Although Byzantine art is an art that aims to convey religious teachings to human beings more easily, it has become a power indicator that reflects the aesthetic concerns of the Empire rather than just this purpose in the Late Byzantine Period. The geography of the Golden Horn, which was the capital of important states before and after Byzantium, besides the economic prosperity of the domination over the straits, The hadith of Muhammad, "Verily you shall conquer Constantinople. What a wonderful leader will he be, and what a wonderful army will that army be!" , has increased the religious importance of the lands after Islam. The Pammakaristos Church (Fethiye Mosque) on the fifth hill of Istanbul, which can be seen from many points of Istanbul, can be considered as an important symbol of showing the economy that the Empire devoted to architecture and the importance they gave to religion. Pammakaristos Church, which is one of the three structures with a cloister plan type in the capital Istanbul, has a very important place in this respect. The chapel, which was added to the church later, is the only architectural structure that we encounter with the Greek Cross plan in Istanbul during the Palaiologos Period. The cistern, which we are accustomed to seeing near Byzantine buildings, is located under the main building, which draws attention as another important element that makes the church interesting. Pammakaristos Church, which is a late period structure with its ornamental elements on its facades, continues to be one of the rare works that convey the Byzantine ornamental art to the audience with its frescoes and mosaics in the chapel. Although the dominance of the Golden Horn was taken over by the Ottoman Empire with the conquest of Istanbul, Fatih Sultan Mehmet did not demolish the building or turn it into a mosque, respecting the Christian religion. The structure was converted into a mosque during the Sultan III. Murat period, but the tomb chapel, where the mosaics are located, was not touched. Today, the tomb chapel, which is used as a museum, continues to keep the spirit of the era alive with its mosaics. The Pammakaristos Church, has been discussed and examined in detail in the light of its history, plan, architecture, building elements, ornament program, restorations and current data. Thus, the place and importance of the church, which has an important position among the Byzantine Period churches in Istanbul, in the literature of Art History has been tried to be revealed.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bizans, Kilise, Pammakaristos, Mimari, Fresk, Mozaik, Haliç, Byzantium, Church, Pammakaristos, Architecture, Fresco, Mosaic, Golden Horn
