Yabancı ülkeler tarafından Osmanlı coğrafyası'nda açılan okullar
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2007
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Misyon, misyoner, misyonerlik kavramları; yabancı ülkelerin Osmanlı topraklarında okul açmakta kullandıkları en önemli kavramlardır. Misyon; görev ve yetki? bundan türetilmiş olan misyoner ise; görevli olan kişi anlamına gelmektedir. Ancak Hristiyanlık dinine göre, misyoner: resmi kilise teşkilatı ya da herhangi bir Hristiyan cemaat tarafından, yetiştirilen ve özellikle Hristiyan olmayan toplumlarda bu görevi yürüten kişi anlamına gelmektedir. Hz. İsa'nın havarileriyle başlayan misyonerlik ise, gidilen yabancı ülkelerde misyonerlerin, çalışmaları sonucu oluşturulan; kiliseler, hastaneler, yetimhaneler, dispanserler, yayınevleri ve tez konumuzu oluşturan okullardır. Misyonerlik, dünyaya belli aralıklarla yayılmıştır. En büyük ve en önemli yayılma 19.Yüzyıl'ın başı ile 20. Yüzyıl'ın ilk çeyreğine kadar olan dönemde görülmüştür. Bu dönemde misyonerlik, devrin getirdiği sömürgeciliğin bir parçasıdır da diyebiliriz. A.B.D, İngiltere, Almanya, Hollanda gibi ülkelerin Protestan misyonerleri, döneme damgasını vurmuştur. Misyoner teşkilatları maddi olarak, kilise desteği, bağışlar ve özellikle Amerika, American Board Kültür teşkilatlarının yardımıyla besleniyordu. Misyonerlik faaliyetlerinin 19. ve 20. Yüzyıl'da Osmanlı Devleti'nde oldukça fazla görülmesinin nedeni yıkılmanın eşiğinde olması, jeopolitik ve jeostratejik öneminin olmasıdır. Hristiyanlığın Katolik mezhebinin birer tarikatı olan Fransiken ve Dominikenler Osmanlı topraklarında Kanuni Dönemi'nden itibaren bir kilise etrafında okul açarak teşkilatlanmışlardır.19. ve 20. Yüzyıl'da Protestan mezhebinin koruyuculuğunu üstlenen Amerika ve İngiltere devletin dağılma ve yıkılma döneminde açmış oldukları okullarla bunu sürdürmüştür. Misyoner okulları Osmanlı topraklarında gayrimüslim tebaa için de açılmış isyana teşvik edilmiştir. Ermeni, Rum, Bulgarlar üzerinde misyoner okullarının rolü gayrimüslim tebaayı devletten koparmak olmuştur. Osmanlı Devleti'ndeki yabancı okulların çoğalması ve faaliyetleri devlet yönetimini tedirgin etmiştir. Bu yüzden okul açma hakkı yasalara bağlanmaya çalışmıştır. Özellikle II. Abdülhamid döneminde gönderilen Maarif Nazırı Zühdü Paşa ve Şakir Paşa'nın raporları okulların sayısının ve faaliyetlerinin dehşetini gözler önüne sermiştir. Çoğu ruhsatsız açılan okullar; Gümrük Nizamnamesi (1865) ve Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi (1869) ile kontrol altına alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Arşiv belgelerinden alınan bilgilere göre teftiş ve ruhsat konusunda bu gibi yasal düzenlemelere rağmen bunun önüne geçilememiştir. Osmanlı Devleti'nde, çeşitli bölgelerde, özellikle 19. ve 20. Yüzyıl'da açılan; Avusturya ? Macaristan Okulları, İtalyan Okulları, Fransız Okulları, Rus Okulları, Alman Okulları ve Amerikan Okulları varlıklarını I.Dünya Savaşı'nın başlamasına kadar sürdürmüş, binaların vatansever halk tarafından yıkılırken, sayıları en aza inen bazı okullar Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı'na bağlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Amerika, Hıristiyanlık, Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi, Misyonerlik, Osmanlı Devleti
Concepts of mission, missionary, being a missionary are the most important concepts used by freign counties in opening schools in Ottoman territories. Mission means task and authority and missionary, derived from this, means authorized person However, according to Christianity, missionary means; a person specially raised by the offical church organization or any Christian community with the aim of propagating Christian message and religion and who fulfills this task especially in non- Christian societies. Being a missionary, started with Jesus Christsapostles is the Churches, hospitals, orphan asylums, dispensaries, publishing hauses, created as a result of studies of missionaries in foreign countries, and schools, constitute our thesis subject. The greatest and most important propagation was seen in the period from start of 19th century and until the first quarter of 20th century. We can say that being a missionary in this period was a part of imperialism according to the period. Protestant missionaries of countries such as America, England, Germany and the Netherlands have left their marks upon their time. Missionary organizations were financially supported by church aids, donations and especially aids of American Board Culture Organization. The reason why missionary activities were quite common in the 19th and 20th century in the Ottoman State was that; the Ottoman State was about to collapse and it was of geopolitical and geo-strategic importance. Franciscan and Dominicans, which are orders of Catholic sect of Christianity, were organized by opening schools around a church as of the Period of Suleiman the Magnificent on the Ottoman territories. America and England, which had assumed Protection of the Protestant Sect in 19th and 20th century, continued this with the schools they opened in the dissolution and collapse of the state. Missionary schools were also opened for non-Muslim citizens on the Ottoman territories and provoked riot. The role of missionary schools on Armenian, Greek and Bulgarians has been severing the non-Muslim citizens from the state. Increase of the number of foreign schools on the Ottoman State and the activities there of had disturbed the state administration and therefore the right of opening school was tired to be bound by laws. Especially the reports of Education Ministers Zühdü Pasha and Şakir Pasha, charged in the period of 2nd Abdülhamid, had displayed the terror of number and activities of the schools. The schools, most of which were opened as unlicensed, were tired to be controlled with Custom Regulations (1865) and General Education Regulations (1865). According to the information obtained from archive documents, this couldn?t have been prevented despite such legal arrangements as regards audit and license. Austrian ? Hungarian Schools, Italian Schools, French Schools,Russian Schools, German Schools and American Schools, opened in various regions in the Ottoman State especially in 19th and 20th centuries, survived unt outbreak of the World War I and the schools, numbers of which had been minimized,were affiliated to the Ministry of National Education while some of the buildings were destroyedby patriotic people. Key Words: Christianty, United States of America
Concepts of mission, missionary, being a missionary are the most important concepts used by freign counties in opening schools in Ottoman territories. Mission means task and authority and missionary, derived from this, means authorized person However, according to Christianity, missionary means; a person specially raised by the offical church organization or any Christian community with the aim of propagating Christian message and religion and who fulfills this task especially in non- Christian societies. Being a missionary, started with Jesus Christsapostles is the Churches, hospitals, orphan asylums, dispensaries, publishing hauses, created as a result of studies of missionaries in foreign countries, and schools, constitute our thesis subject. The greatest and most important propagation was seen in the period from start of 19th century and until the first quarter of 20th century. We can say that being a missionary in this period was a part of imperialism according to the period. Protestant missionaries of countries such as America, England, Germany and the Netherlands have left their marks upon their time. Missionary organizations were financially supported by church aids, donations and especially aids of American Board Culture Organization. The reason why missionary activities were quite common in the 19th and 20th century in the Ottoman State was that; the Ottoman State was about to collapse and it was of geopolitical and geo-strategic importance. Franciscan and Dominicans, which are orders of Catholic sect of Christianity, were organized by opening schools around a church as of the Period of Suleiman the Magnificent on the Ottoman territories. America and England, which had assumed Protection of the Protestant Sect in 19th and 20th century, continued this with the schools they opened in the dissolution and collapse of the state. Missionary schools were also opened for non-Muslim citizens on the Ottoman territories and provoked riot. The role of missionary schools on Armenian, Greek and Bulgarians has been severing the non-Muslim citizens from the state. Increase of the number of foreign schools on the Ottoman State and the activities there of had disturbed the state administration and therefore the right of opening school was tired to be bound by laws. Especially the reports of Education Ministers Zühdü Pasha and Şakir Pasha, charged in the period of 2nd Abdülhamid, had displayed the terror of number and activities of the schools. The schools, most of which were opened as unlicensed, were tired to be controlled with Custom Regulations (1865) and General Education Regulations (1865). According to the information obtained from archive documents, this couldn?t have been prevented despite such legal arrangements as regards audit and license. Austrian ? Hungarian Schools, Italian Schools, French Schools,Russian Schools, German Schools and American Schools, opened in various regions in the Ottoman State especially in 19th and 20th centuries, survived unt outbreak of the World War I and the schools, numbers of which had been minimized,were affiliated to the Ministry of National Education while some of the buildings were destroyedby patriotic people. Key Words: Christianty, United States of America
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Eğitim ve Öğretim, Education and Training
