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    Comparison of serum BDNF, IL-1?, IL-6, TNF-?, CRP and leucocyte levels in unipolar mania and bipolar disorder
    (Cambridge Univ Press, 2021) Gorgulu, Yasemin; Uluturk, Milkibar Kyazim; Palabiyik, Orkide
    Objective: Unipolar mania is not included in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5 (DSM-5) as a separate diagnosis, although it is defined by widely accepted diagnostic criteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between unipolar mania and bipolar disorder in terms of clinical and inflammatory parameters. Methods: The data of 495 hospitalised patients with bipolar disorder diagnoses were analysed retrospectively. Forty met the diagnostic criteria for unipolar mania. Two patients refused to participate in the study. Thirty-eight unipolar mania patients and 42 randomly selected patients with bipolar disorder diagnosis were included in the study. The two groups were compared in terms of sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, C-reactive protein (CRP), leucocyte and cytokine levels. Results: A total of 40 (8.08%) of 495 patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder met the unipolar mania diagnostic criteria. The number of manic episodes and the number of hospitalisations were statistically higher in the unipolar mania group than in the bipolar disorder group. Among all the manic symptoms, the incidence of symptoms such as euphoria, increased sexual interest, grandiosity and delusions were found to be statistically higher in the unipolar mania group. Interleukin (IL)-6 and CRP levels were significantly higher in the unipolar mania group than in the bipolar disorder group. Conclusion: Unipolar mania differs from bipolar disorder in terms of clinical features and serum IL-6 and CRP levels.
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    Could serum endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels be important in bipolar disorder?
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Topuz, Ruhan Deniz; Gorgulu, Yasemin; Uluturk, Milkibar Kyazim
    Objectives The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a critical important neuromodulatory system that interacts with many neurohormonal and neurotransmitter systems in the brain. It plays a pivotal role in emotional responses and mood regulation. The ECS is related with psychotic disorders, depression, anxiety and autism. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether there is any relationship between endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels with bipolar disorder. Methods Seventy-nine patients with bipolar disorder diagnosis, who are in the euthymic period, were included in the study. Clinical characteristics, symptoms and serum endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels were compared. Endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels were evaluated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results In total of 79 patients, 44 (55.69%) were females and 35 (44.30%) were males. The mean age of the patients was 42.40 +/- 1.10 years. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) levels were higher and oleoylethanolamide and 2-arachidonyl glycerol levels were lower in patients who had at least one depressive episode during their life-time illness than in patients who had no depressive episode while arachidonyl ethanolamide levels were unchanged Conclusions PEA levels were correlated with the history and frequency of depressive episodes and the history of depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder.