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    Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy and Phenolic Compound Profiles in Geopropolis Samples from Bolivia and Venezuela
    (Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2024) Koru, Ozgur; Bedir, Orhan; Vit, Patricia; Gencay Celemli, Omur; Mayda, Nazli
    In this study, we investigated the balsamic contents, total phenolic contents, flavoneflavonol contents, and flavanones-dihydroflavonols contents, and antimicrobial effects of seven geopropolis samples produced by four neotropical stingless bee species: Venezuelan Melipona favosa, and Bolivian M. grandis, Scaptotrigona depilis, S. polysticta. The balsamic content value was found highest in the sample of S. polysticta (sample 7) collected from Bolivia, highest total phenolic content in M. favosa geopropolis (sample 1) from Venezuela, highest flavone-flavonol content in M. favosa geopropolis (sample 2) collected from Venezuela and highest flavones-dihydroflavonols content in S. polystica (sample 7) from Bolivia. As a result, except for balsamic content values, other investigated values were lower compare to the previous researches about different stingless bee species geopropolis. This is proved that climatic conditions, bee species and collecting area affected the chemical content of geopropolis significantly. The antimicrobial findings indicated that the examined geopropolis extracts displayed different degrees of inhibition against the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, which correlated with their phenolic contents. Nevertheless, these extracts did not demonstrate a comprehensive inhibitory effect on Gram-negative bacteria. Standardized geopropolis samples, rich in phenolic content, can complement antibiotics naturally for preventing and treating infections from Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans. However, further studies are still needed regarding the clinical applications of geopropolis in various infections.
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    Total Bioactive Compounds and Antimicrobial Capacities of Bee Pollen with Different Botanical Origins
    (Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 2021) Ozkok, Asli; Koru, Ozgur; Bedir, Orhan; Cetinkaya, Serdar; Celemli, Omur Gencay; Ozenirler, Cigdem; Mayda, Nazli
    Bee pollen has many therapeutic properties with its rich chemical content. Especially the phenolic substances in the structure of bee pollen are very effective in showing the bioactive compounds. Thanks to these properties, bee pollen is used as a food supplement. It is known that these features are influenced by many factors such as climate, geography and plant origin. Therefore, it is important to determine the botanical origins of bee products. In this study, botanical origins and total bioactive compounds were determined at the seven bee pollen samples collected from different regions of Turkey. Also, antimicrobial activity of the seven bee pollen samples against seven different bacterial pathogens and one fungal agent using broth microdilution method were studied. Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Cistaceae, Papaveraceae families were found as a dominant in the regions by botanical origins examination. Total phenolic values were found between 24.77 +/- 288.824 mg GAE/g and 51.61 +/- 727.14 mg GAE/g. Total flavonoid content was 1.36 +/- 0.015 mg QE/g and 2.40 +/- 0.077 mg QE/g. The antimicrobial results showed that each of the tested bee pollen samples inhibited the growth of the gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria at the different levels while they did not have a complete inhibitory effect on the fungi.