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    Are breast milk adipokines affected by maternal dietary factors?
    (Walter de Gruyter Gmbh, 2018) Kocaadam, Betul; Koksal, Eda; Turkyilmaz, Canan
    Background: Maternal diet and gestational age of infant may affect the composition of breast milk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between breast milk adiponectin and leptin levels of mothers delivering preterm and term infants and maternal diet. Methods: Sixty-five mothers (31 preterm, 34 term) were included in the study. General information about parents and infants and food consumption of mothers were determined through a questionnaire. Milk samples were taken from mothers during the period between the 15th and 30th day after birth (mature milk). For the evaluation of maternal diet, the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were used. Results: According to MAR, 71.0% of preterm mothers' and 79.4% of term mothers' dietary adequacy was categorized as "good", and none of the mothers fell into the "insufficient" category (p > 0.05). The median (interquartile range [IQR]) level of adipokines was found to be higher in preterm than in term mothers (24.6 [14.3] ng/mL; 22.9 [9.7] ng/mL for adiponectin and 2.0 [2.5] ng/mL; 0.0 [2.3] ng/mL for leptin, respectively) (p > 0.05). A negative correlation was found between the leptin level and intake of unsaturated fatty acids, protein NAR and meat, poultry and fish consumption in preterm mothers (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between leptin concentration and MAR, protein, calcium, potassium NAR and consumption of dairy products in term mothers (p < 0.05). In the regression model, gestational age and MAR are important predictors of leptin. Conclusions: These results show that maternal diet is related to the leptin content in breast milk.
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    Do the adiponectin and leptin levels in preterm and term breast milk samples relate to infants' short-term growth?
    (Cambridge Univ Press, 2019) Kocaadam, Betul; Koksal, Eda; Ozcan, Kudret Ebru; Turkyilmaz, Canan
    Adiponectin and leptin are involved in appetite control and body weight regulation. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between breast milk adipokine levels and short-term growth of preterm and term infants. Thirty-one preterm (median=35.3 weeks) and 34 term (median=38.7 weeks) infants were enrolled. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect adipokines in mature milk. Infant growth was followed during the first 3 months. Although weight gain in the first month was insufficient, positive linear growth was observed in the following months for preterm infants, while term infants had positive steady linear growth. The median level of adipokines was found to be higher in preterm infants (P>0.05). Adiponectin showed significant negative correlations with some anthropometric measurements of term infants. However, in preterm infants, adiponectin was negatively correlated with length increment and positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) increment in the second-third month. In addition, leptin was negatively associated with the head circumference at birth in preterm infants and the triceps skinfold thickness increment in the first-second month term infants (P<0.05). In linear regression models, while gestational age, adiponectin and leptin were not related, maternal age and pre-pregnancy BMI had effects on body weight increment in 0-1 months (P<0.05). In conclusion, adiponectin may affect short-term growth, while leptin has no important effect. It would be beneficial to carry out longitudinal studies to evaluate the effects of these adipokines on the growth of infants.
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    Evaluation of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) on Energy Metabolism and Obesity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2019) Macit, Melahat Sedanur; Sozlu, Saniye; Kocaadam, Betul; Acar-Tek, Nilufer
    Ginger called Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) belongs to Zingiberaceae family. In recent years, studies have shown that ginger may have effects on appetite, thermogenesis, and gastric motility. Due to these effects, the present study aimed to review of studies evaluating the effect of ginger on energy metabolism and obesity. The screening of the studies published was performed in 4 databases (PubMed-Web of Science-Lilacs-The Cochrane Library). Among the 1428 studies, only 20 studies had sufficient data to be included in the systematic review. Literature shows that ginger may have important effects on energy metabolism and obesity in animal models via decreased carbohydrate and lipids oxidation, increased nerve activity, changes in hormone (leptin, insulin) and enzymes (amylase, lipase). Some human studies also show positive effects; however, the results are conflicting because of difference in active ingredients, low dose, and short administration period (single dose, 24 hours). In meta-analysis of studies showed that ginger significantly decrease BMI (95% CI:1.33 -4.02 to 1.84, p = .003). In conclusion, the association of ginger with energy metabolism and obesity may have positive effects. However, before a clear recommendation can be made determination of the active ingredient and optimal duration and dose, as well as possible effects with long-term usage.