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Öğe The effects of different stretching and warm-up exercise protocols on 50-meter swimming performance in sub-elite women swimmers(Ios Press, 2019) Kafkas, Armagan; Eken, Ozgur; Kurt, Cem; Kafkas, M. EminBACKGROUND: Warm up exercises are common practice before training and competition in almost every sport. Although, swimming is a popular sport throughout the world, studies on the effects of warm-up are scarce. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of different stretching warm-up and exercise protocols on swim performance. METHODS: Fourteen sub-elite college women swimmers volunteered to participate in the study. The four stretching and warmup protocols they followed were; (I) without stretching (WS); (II) static stretch (SS); (III) in-water (IW); and (IV) dry land (DL). RESULTS: There was a significant main effect for 50-meter front crawl (F = 70,453; p = 0.00) and breaststroke swimming performances (F = 145.504; p = 0.000). The best 50-meter front crawl and breaststroke performance detected immediately after IW was 28.1 and next, 39.9 seconds. Pairwise comparison indicated that the best 50-meter front crawl performance monitored after IW protocol was 28.0 +/- 2.9 (p = 0.000) compared with that after WS - 29.8 +/- 2.3 (p = 0.000) and after SS - 30.7 +/- 2.2 (p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-event low-intensity IW warm-ups may be optimal for 50-meter front crawl and breaststroke swimming performance.Öğe Hipertrofi: Rasyonel Hücresel Mekanizmalar(2019) Kafkas, M. Emin; Kurt, CemGünümüzde hipertrofi, vücut geliştirme sporu ile uğraşan amatörler/profesyoneller için planlanmış ilave kas kütlesi kazanımı ile ilişkilendirilmesine rağmen, sportif performansa olan katkılarından dolayı performans sporcuları ve genel sağlık düzeylerini korumak/geliştirmek isteyenler içinde çok önemlidir. Literatür incelendiğinde, araştırmalar, bireylerin aynı çalışma yoğunluğuna sahipolmalarına rağmen farklı iskelet-kas hipertrofisine sahip olduklarını rapor etmektedir. Hipertrofikyanıta neden olan fizyolojik yol ve yolakların ne olduğu uzun yıllardır merak konusu olmuştur.Özellikle ülkemiz açısından, bu bağlamda herhangi bir araştırmanın yapılmamış olması dikkat çekicidir. Yaklaşık 2 milyona yakın fitness katılımcısının olduğu düşünüldüğünde, ayrıca hipertrofikonusu üzerine çalışma yürüten akademisyenler, antrenörler, öğrenciler ve sporcular için hipertrofinin olası hücresel mekanizmalarının bilinmesi ve anlaşılması son derece önemli katkılar sunacaktır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada, son yıllarda hipertrofik yanıtın muhtemel hücresel mekanizmalarıolan; uydu hücre proliferasyonu, sitokin ve endokrin cevaplar hakkında kanıta dayalı cevaplar verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, akut ve kronik kuvvet antrenmanları sonrası görülen hipertrofik yanıtın rasyonel hücresel mekanizmalarının belirlenmeye çalışılması amaçlanmıştır.Öğe Influence of traditional and cluster set plyometric warm-ups on reactive strength index and leg stiffness in male rugby players(Ios Press, 2018) Kurt, Cem; Kafkas, M. Emin; Kurtdere, Imren; Selalmaz, OkanBACKGROUND: Cluster set plyometrics (CSP) promise greater muscular performance than traditional set plyometrics (TSP). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the influence of TSP and CSP warm-ups via bounce drop jump (BDJ) on reactive strength index (RSI), leg stiffness (K-leg), ground contact time (CT), and jump height (JH). METHODS: Thirteen male rugby players (age, 20.92 +/- 2.25 years; body mass, 82.88 +/- 9.22 kg; rugby experience, 3.61 +/- 3.04 years; training volume, 10.69 +/- 3.75 h/week) were recruited for this study from two rugby clubs competing in the Second League in Turkey. The players completed 3 different set configurations of equal jump volume 72 h apart in a randomized, balanced order. The sets configurations were TSP (2 x 10 jump with 90 s interval), CSP-1 (4 x 5 jump with 30 s interval), and CSP-2 (10 x 2 jump with 10 s interval). Pre and post values of RSI, K-leg, CT, and JH on each session were determined via the Myotest Pro system. RESULTS: Statistically significant changes were not found between pre- and post-values of RSI, K-leg, CT, and JH in each session, either positive or negative (p > 0.05), as well as among the three different set configurations in any of the outcome variables according to post-results (p > 0.05). These findings indicated that low-volume TSP and CSP bounce drop jump had no effect on RSI, K-leg, CT, and JH in male rugby players. CONCLUSIONS: Set configurations, jump volume, and intensity applied in this study may be too low to change muscle-tendon complex (MTC) stiffness and produce a post-activation potentiation (PAP) effect. Further research, with larger samples, is needed to determine which set configurations, jump volume (> 20 jumps/session), and intensity (box height > 30 cm) are the best option for enhancement of RSI, K-leg, CT, and JH.