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Öğe AUTHORSHIP IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND ETHIC PROBLEMS IN AUTHORSHIP(Aves, 2008) Inci, OsmanIntroduction: The violations are known to be quite more than it is expected in scientific research and principles of publishing ethics. Many people and institutions that have the good sense to do the right thing on this matter want to determine the written rules clearly and certainly, make the ethics education obligatory, make the written texts prepared, which scientists should take an oath. The most common non-ethical attitude towards scientific publications is based on the authorship. In a study among scientists in the USA (n= 3247), a few scientists stated that some people are held the title of author unfairly, and it is the 10% of all. During the ethics workshops, the information about their countries presented by foreign guest lecturers is not quite different from the workshops in Turkey. Who should be the authors in a manuscript? This issue is classified by International Committee of Medical Journal Editors as followings: -substantial contributions to conception and design, -acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, -drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content, the revising of the last format and agreeing with the comments and final approval of the version to be published. On the other hand, there are some guidelines which are insufficient for being an author: -being responsible for the department in the case of a research report, -funding for the conduct of the research, -making contributions to the collection of data and general supervision of the research group, -making statistical evaluations, -making contributions to the others' study only in writing stage The first author is the person who has done the thesis in the articles created by the theses. Thesis consulters could be the second or third name. The student would become a co-author and the owner of the research idea would be a principal author if the thesis was not the student's idea and the majority of the study was carried out by the idea developer (consulter, administrator). The most common non-ethic behavior is that some people making no or less contribution to the scientific research are considered to be an author such as ghost, honorary and gift authorship due to merely their titles and positions. Moreover, there are some non-ethic conduct such as the ones not written despite deserving (missing authorship), the ones not written in their deserved order, the changes in the order, the removal of the name, the addition of a new author. As a precaution, a protocol should be identified and put the signatures to the protocol before starting to analyze the main ethic principles such as the determination of the authors to be taken part in the publish, the order of the names, the coherence of the authors during the assessment of the data, writing a letter of thanks to the contributions undeserving the authorship.Öğe Authorship Rights in Scientific Publication and Problems(Turkish Librarians Assoc, 2016) Inci, Osman; Ince, FundagulWhile authorship is the key to science and academic career and confers reputation and credit to the author, it also places significant responsibility on the author. Ethical deception and fraud in scientific publications not only casts doubt on the integrity of science, but also weakens public support. Research results are published with the names of all individuals who have carried out the research. Although there are variations depending on the fields of study, the general rule is that everyone who has substantially contributed to the research and publication are given credit as authors. Activities such as obtaining funding, language editing, technical editing, or administrative support do not qualify an individual for authorship. However, despite clear guidelines, forms of ethical misconduct such as granting authorship to those who fail to meet the authorship criteria, omission of deserving authors from the author list and making inappropriate and unjustifiable modifications to the author list are prevalent. One way to solve these problems would be to determine and document the list and order of authors, and require the signatures of all authors in the planning stage, even before starting to do the research and write the manuscript.Öğe Blind-ending duplicate ureter with giant cystic dilatation(Aves, 2009) Kaplan, Mustafa; Alicioglu, Banu; Aktoz, Tevfik; Altaner, Semsi; Inci, OsmanBlind-ending ureter is a rare ureteric duplication anomaly. Most cases are asymptomatic and are detected incidentally. Blind-ending ureter with a huge cystic dilatation is extremely unusual. A 46-year-old man with a complaint of low back pain was referred from the neurosurgery department upon demonstration of a large cystic mass in the retroperitoneum by lumbar magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasonography showed a large cystic mass filling the right side of the abdomen and the entire pelvis. Intravenous urography showed malrotation and lateral deviation of the right kidney with grade 1 hydronephrosis, severe dilatation of the ureter with proximal kinking, and medial deviation of the ureter. Computed tomography revealed a huge cystic mass beginning at the medial aspect of the upper pole of the right kidney, filling the right half of the abdomen and all the pelvis. The cyst had septations in the pelvis. Cyst aspiration yielded no atypical cells. During surgical exploration, it was noted that the cyst extended to the level of the upper pole of the right kidney and opened into the bladder with an ectopic orifice superior to the right ureter, suggesting the presence of a blind-ending ureter. The normal ureter was dilated and compressed. During resection of the cystic mass, the right ureter was injured and ureteroneocystostomy was performed. Histopathologic identification of the cystic lesion was made as uroepithelial cells. No complication was seen in postoperative period.Öğe BURNED-OUT TUMOR OF THE TESTIS: CASE REPORT(Aves, 2008) Kaplan, Mustafa; Karagol, Hakan; Altaner, Semsi; Aktoz, Tevfik; Caloglu, Murat; Inci, OsmanIntroduction: Burned-out testicular tumor is a rare entity. The term burned-out tumor of the testis describes a spontaneously and completely regressed testicular tumor which presents by its metastases to retroperitoneum, mediastinum, lymph nodes such as supraclavicular, cervical and axillary. This condition is different and less common from the primary extragonadal germ cell tumors. Many pathologists are not familiar with the findings that support a diagnosis of burned-out primary in a patient with metastatic germ cell tumor. We report 2 cases of burned-out testicular tumors to illustrate the clinical, radiological and histopathological features. Burned-out testicular tumor must be considered in a patient with retroperitoneal lymph node involvement and histology of germ-cell tumor in the absence of palpable testicular tumor. Metastases should be treated according to the histology and clinical stage of the tumor. Radical orchiectomy must be performed because of the high rate of persistent testicular tumor.Öğe Case report: Subcutaneous metastasis from small cell carcinoma of the prostate(Springer, 2007) Kaplan, Mustafa; Atakan, Irfan H.; Bilgi, Selcuk; Inci, OsmanPure primary small cell carcinoma of the prostate (SCCP) is an extremely rare entity. Natural history of this tumor is similar to that of the bronchogenic small cell carcinoma. Several theories of histogenesis have been proposed. Most widely accepted view is that SCCP arises from pluripotent stem cells of the prostate, which have the ability to differentiate into either epithelial or neuroendocrine type carcinomas. SCCP has an aggressive course, and a majority of patients have distant metastasis at presentation. Since it is a rare entity, no standard treatment regimen has been established. A case of primary pure SCCP with multiple subcutaneous metastases is presented.Öğe Chondrosarcoma of the pubis imitating bladder tumor radiologically: A case report(Springer, 2003) Inci, Osman; Kaya, Esat; Alagol, Bulent; Kaplan, Mustafa; Doganay, LatifeChondrosarcoma is a rare tumor that more frequently involves the pelvic bones, the femur, and the humerus [1, 2]. The rareness of the tumor makes the diagnosis difficult. Malignant cartilage tumors typically have an unstable radiographic appearance [3]. In this report we aimed to point out the difficulties of the radiological differentiation of the pelvic chondrosarcoma and bladder tumor.Öğe Evaluation and surgical approach of surrenal masses: experience of Trakya University(Aves, 2011) Inci, Osman; Aktoz, Tevfik; Bilir, Betl Ekiz; Atakan, Irfan Huseyin; Tugrul, ArmaganObjective: In this study, patients with adrenal masses treated with surgery in our clinic were evaluated for endocrinological and surgical aspects, and open surgical techniques were compared. Materials and methods: Between January 2003 and January 2011, we retrospectively evaluated 31 patients who underwent surgical exploration for adrenal masses in Trakya University Urology Department following consultations with Endocrinology Department. There were 21 (67.7%) female and 10 (32.3%) male with a mean age of 47.2 years (range 16-74 years). Adrenal mass was detected on the right side in 9 (29%) patients and on the left side in 22 (71%) patients. We performed open retroperitoneal approach in 17 (54.8%) cases and open transperitoneal (Chevron) approach in 14 (45.2%) cases. Results: Fifteen of the cases were functionally active. Of the functional cases, 9 had Cushing syndrome, 3 had pheochromocytoma, and 3 had aldosterone producing adenoma. Sixteen of these cases were not producing hormones and non-functional as a result of preoperative endocrinological evaluation. Conclusion: Adrenal masses should be considered endocrinologically before surgical treatment, and endocrine evaluation must be completed preoperatively. Preoperative, peroperative, and postoperative evaluation of hormone active cases has particular importance. Surgical success is proportional to the multidisciplinary study.Öğe Giant bladder stone in children: case report(Int Scientific Literature, Inc, 2008) Aktoz, Tevfi K.; Kaplan, Mustafa; Atakan, Irfan H.; Inci, OsmanBackground: Pediatric urolithiasis is an endemic disease in certain parts of the world, namely Turkey and Far East. Metabolic and environmental factors, in addition to urogenital abnormalities, should be evaluated thoroughly each patient. The aims of management should be complete clearance of stones, treatment of urinary tract infections, preservation of renal function and prevention of stone recurrence. The giant bladder stone is not very common and it is usually associated with nutritional factors. Case Report: A 3 year-old boy was admitted to our clinic with a 2-year history of recurrent urinary tract infections and urinary complaints like intermittent and painful voiding with terminal hematuria and sharp lower abdominal pain. On physical examination, the weight and height were 10 kg (below the 3rd percentile), and 85 cm (below the 3rd percentile), respectively. Direct urinary system X-ray study and intravenous urography (IVU) showed a giant bladder stone. In this case, we think that giant bladder stone is associated with nutritional factors and we were unable to find an underlying metabolic abnormality. Open surgery was performed to this patient. The bladder stone was 3.1 x 2.0 x 1.7 cm in diameter. Biochemical analysis showed that it was calcium oxalate stone. Conclusions: Treatment of pediatric urolithiasis requires a metabolic and environmental evaluation of all patients. Obstructive pathologies have to be corrected and metabolic abnormalities should be treated. Also nutritional factors related with bladder stones must be considered. Open surgery remains the main treatment of giant bladder stones in children.Öğe Giant unilateral abdominoscrotal hydrocele in an adult: Case report(Springer, 2006) Kaplan, Mustafa; Atakan, Irfan H.; Aktoz, Tevfik; Inci, OsmanAbdominoscrotal hydrocele (ASH) is an apparently highly uncommon clinical entity especially in childhood. While hydrocele is among the commonest inguinal anomaly in adult, its extreme form ASH is infrequently reported form. ASH consists of two large sacs, both abdominal and scrotal, connecting with the inguinal canal. Surgical correction is mandatory. We present a 34-year-old man with giant ASH. He was treated with excision of hydrocele sac through an inguinal approach.Öğe Multiple primary malignant neoplasms in urologic patients(Springer, 2003) Inci, Osman; Kaya, Esat; Alagol, Bulent; Atakan, Irfan Huseyin; Aydin, Sabahattin; Ereselli, HasanMethods: Second primary cancers constitute approximately 9-10% of malignancies diagnosed in the United States. We aimed to show the risk and incidance of second primary tumor occuring associated to urologic tumors and show the distrubution of tumors in Tracia region. We retrospectively examined the patients' files with the diagnosis of malignant disease between the years 1985-2000. Hazard function analysis was performed to estimate the relative risk of secondary malignancy occuring. Age, sex and tumor number were examined to find out if they affect on mortality rate. Results: A total number of 25 MPMNs were diagnosed. In 52 percent of the cases the second primary neoplasm developed within six months. The relative risk of development of a second neoplasm is found as increasing 1.111 times per month. The incidence of secondary malignancy occuring in the patients with one tumor was found as 6.31%. Age (p < 0.001) and tumor number (p < 0.001) are found as statistically effective predictor on mortality rate where the sex is not. Conclusions: In the patients with a primary tumor not only the metastasis must be investigated but also second primary tumors should be taken in to consideration.Öğe Parotid gland metastasis from renal cell carcinoma: An unusual site for metastasis(Int Scientific Literature, Inc, 2008) Kaplan, Mustafa; Caloglu, Murat; Caloglu, Vuslat Y.; Aktoz, Tevfi K.; Usta, Ufuk; Karagol, Hakan; Inci, OsmanBackground: Renal cell carcinoma accounts for more than 90% of malignant kidney tumors and the common sites for metastases include lung, liver, bone, brain and skin. Metastasis to the parotid gland is considered extremely rare. The most common lesions to metastasize to the parotid gland are skin, breast, lung, and thyroid cancers. Case Report: We report a case of solitary parotid metastasis from renal cell carcinoma in a 68-year-old man. Patient was referred to the clinic with a complaint of painless right preauricular mass which had been gradually increasing in size for a year. An approximately 20 cm left sided mass was appreciated on examination of the patient's abdomen. Computed tomography (CT) scan of craniocervical region demonstrated a parotid mass measuring 8x10x9 cm with invasion of the pterygoid muscles. A subsequent abdominal CT revealed a left renal lesion measuring 13x18 cm. Since the parotid gland was assumed unresectable, the patient elected to undergo a left radical nephrectomy. Moreover the sections of the right parotid mass showed similar architecture and histomorphology to the renal tumor. Conclusions: The differential diagnosis, histochemical and immunohistochemical features, and treatment of this lesion are discussed. It seems that the initial diagnosis with parotid metastasis, the larger the size of both the primary and metastatic tumor, and immunohistopathological features of the tumor, appear to have led to the poor prognosis in the present case. Although parotid masses resulting from RCC metastasis are rare, one should be aware of the possibility when a clear cell neoplasm is disclosed in the parotid specimen.Öğe PENILE AND PROSTATIC METASTASIS FROM PRIMARY RENAL SARCOMA(Aves, 2007) Kaplan, Mustafa; Alicioglu, Banu; Usta, Ufuk; Aktoz, Tevfik; Atakan, Irfan Huseyin; Inci, OsmanIntroduction: Urological sarcomas are rare. Renal sarcomas represent 1% to 2% of all malignant renal tumors and their prognosis is worse than other urogenital sarcomas. High grade sarcomas commonly metastasize, with the lungs, lymph nodes, and liver being a primary site of spread. Penile and prostatic metastases of renal sarcomas are extremely rare, and are generally accepted as a manifestation of systemic spread and survival after their presentation is limited. We report the first case of simultaneous penile and prostatic metastases from a primary sarcoma of the kidney.Öğe Penile metastasis from small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder(Int Scientific Literature, Inc, 2008) Kaplan, Mustafa; Aktoz, Tevfik; Puyan, Fulya O.; Alicioglu, Banu; Atakan, Irfan H.; Inci, OsmanBackground: Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a rare and highly aggressive tumor that has been described in case reports or small series. It accounts for < 1% of all urinary bladder carcinomas. The prognosis of patients with small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is poor and depends on the extend of the disease. Case Report: Herein we report a case of a penile metastasis from small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A 70-year-old man was treated for small cell carcinoma of the bladder with radical cystectomy and ileal conduit in 2007. Pathological examination of the radical sistoprostatectomy material revealed an ulcerated, necrotic invasive undifferentiated tumor with bladder wall invasion. Left vesicula seminalis and prostatic tissue was also infi ltrated by the tumor cells. Small cell cancer of the urinary bladder was diagnosed. Adjuvant chemotherapy was planned but the patient did not accept it. Two months after the operation he has noticed a painful swelling on the right side of the penis. But he ignored it. Four months later he admitted to our clinic with a swollen, painful penis. Physical examination revealed a hard, ovoid nodule (3x3 cm in diameter) along the shaft of the penis near its base on the right side. Ultrasound revealed a 3x3 cm mass on the right side of the penis that not involved the corpus cavernosum. Pathology of the penile lesion revealed metastatic tumor. Morphological and immonohistochemical fi ndings of the tumor cells were identical to the primary tumor cells. Conclusions: Metastases to the penis are uncommon. Most penile metastases present with swollen and frequently tender penis, pain and/ or priapism. In cases with bladder carcinoma which had metastasized to penis, the histopathologic type is mostly urothelial carcinoma. Small cell carcinoma of the bladder is uncommon and unlike urothelial carcinoma it behaves aggressively. And this is the fi rst case of small cell carcinoma of the bladder which has metastasized to the penis.Öğe Pre-treatment Hemoglobin Levels are Important for Bladder Carcinoma Patients with Extravesical Extension undergoing Definitive Radiotherapy(Asian Pacific Organization Cancer Prevention, 2009) Yurut-Caloglu, Vuslat; Caloglu, Murat; Kaplan, Mustafa; Inci, OsmanPurpose: To evaluate prognostic factors affecting local control (LC), distant metastases-free survival (DMFS) and overall survival (OS) in bladder carcinoma patients undergoing extravesical extension. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 61 consecutive patients with T3 or T4 bladder carcinoma, treated with definitive radiotherapy from 1999 through 2007. Results: Median age was 69 years and follow-up was 29 months. The LC rate was 33% at 4 years and was increased in patients with a Hb >= 12 g/dl (p=0.003) or a LDH<180 U/L (p=0.021) and in those who received concurrent chemotherapy (p=0.022) on univariate analysis. DMFS was affected by anemia (Hb<12 g/dl) (p=0.039), the absence of chemotherapy (p=0.034) and the presence of newlydiagnosed disease (p=0.01). The OS rate was 19% at 4 years. Non-pure transitional cell carcinoma histological type (p=0.024), anemia (p=0.004), elevated LDH (p=0.003), and newly diagnosed disease (p=0.011) were poor prognostic factors on univariate analyses for OS. Anemia was the only negative prognostic factor for LC (p=0.03), DMFS (p=0.002) and OS (p<0.0001) on multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Pre-treatment Hb level is the most important prognostic factor in patients treated with definitive radiotherapy, so that anemia may act as a surrogate biological marker for aggressive disease.Öğe Relationship Between Human Papilloma Virus and Bladder Cancer(Galenos Publ House, 2017) Inci, Osman; Tastekin, Ebru; Akdere, HakanHuman papilloma virus (HPV) is a DNA virus with more than 170 types. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection and 10% of the world's cancer burden is thought to be HPV infection-related. It is known that precancerous lesions caused by some subgroups of this virus transformed into invasive carcinoma, and its place in etiology of cervix, vulva, oropharynx, anus and penile cancer is also well-known. Cases have been published where condyloma are seen not only in anogenital region, but also in urethra, bladder and ureter. However, their role in bladder cancer pathogenesis is questionable. Recent studies showed that HPV and bladder cancer are associated. Condyloma was identified to be in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. In this review, the relationship between HPV-urothelial cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is examined with references to the literature.Öğe Renal angiomyolipoma with malignant transformation, simultaneous occurrence with malignity and other complex clinical situations(Springer, 2006) Inci, Osman; Kaplan, Mustafa; Yalcin, Omer; Atakan, Irfan Huseyin; Kubat, HuseyinRenal angiomyolipoma is a benign kidney tumor, which is characterized by the presence of mature or immature fat tissue, thick-walled blood vessels, and smooth muscles. However, there is a rare possibility of transformation to a malignancy. This transformation could be toward sarcoma. And also angiomyolipoma could be associated with renal adenocarcinorna in the same kidney. The aim of this study is to show the association of angiomyolipoma with complex clinical situations such as malign transformation, simultaneous occurrence with adenocarcinoma, bilateral tumors with tuberous sclerosis or Wunderlich Syndrome. Findings of clinical presentation, pathological evaluation, urography, ultrasonography, and computerized tomography of 19 patients who were diagnosed angiomyolipoma in our clinic during 1994-2003 were examined retrospectively. Our records indicated that radical nephrectomy was performed in three cases of angiomyolipoma in which the differential diagnosis from adenocarcinorna could not be made and in another case of angiomyolipoma, which was associated with adenocarcinoma. Simple nephrectomy was performed in four symptomatic angiomyolipoma cases with tumor size larger than 4 cm and partial nephrectomy in another case. In one case, renal angiomyolipoma was associated with adenocarcinoma in the same kidney. In one case, post-operative recurrence of angiomyolipoma developed 7 months after nephrectomy. This patient was diagnosed low-grade leiomyosarcoma. Angiomyolipoma is regarded as a benign tumor of the kidney; however, it may also show aggressive behaviors and rarely transform to sarcoma. It may also exist in the same kidney along with adenocarcinorna or sarcoma.Öğe RETROPERITONEAL MALIGNANT SCHWANNOMA(Aves, 2008) Aktoz, Tevfik; Kaplan, Mustafa; Caloglu, Murat; Atakan, Irfan Huseyin; Inci, OsmanIntroduction: Malignant schwannoma, recently renamed malignant peripheral nerve sheat tumors, represents 0.01 % of retroperitoneal tumors. Radical surgical excision is considered the best treatment for these neoplasms for poor responsiveness to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We report a 66-year-old man who was operated for three times.Öğe Scientific Publication Ethics(Turkish Librarians Assoc, 2015) Inci, OsmanScience based on consciousness of responsibility and principles of trust puts academics under an obligation to act according to the values and principles, ethical attitudes and standards of behaviour. A quest for perfectness, to observe truth and show respect for the dignity and value of each individual should be a fundamental principle. In this context, academic freedom and autonomy, academic integrity, responsibility and accountabily, respect for others, the protection of the fundamental rights and competence are among the core values of academic merit. Science is not possible without ethics. Protection of academic value is essential for an academic publication. It is also fundamental that academics should not behave contrary to the ethics values. It is assumed that academic studies are conducted honestly, based on true foundations, that the research data are collected according to the correct methods, accurate statistics are used and results are reported accordingly. It is also assumed that professional standards are carried out in software presentation and share of results. The exceptional methods in academical publications should be classified as those carried out intentionally, aiming to mislead the related studies and the others to be distinguished from the ones carried out by some ignorances and various innocent facts. The most serious infraction of the ethical rules and standards is the 'academic misappropriation'. Among all, the most crucial one is the academic plagiarism, which is transferring the production of some other person under one's own name or stealing away the work of other persons. Creating some not-existing data and results, and fabrication is inventing some information just by sitting at the table. Changing the datas and results without scientific reasoning, and falsification is accepted as another and the third kind of misappropriation (FTP). Their most important difference from the other kinds is showing conscious deceptive intention. Duplication, salamislicing, publications aiming partiality, partiality in choice of sources, authorship rights violations (Author concealment, Gift Autorship, Honory Autorship or Ghost Autorship, author addition changing the order of author list), and not thanking to the contributers are other irregular applications. Innocent faults and carelessness should not be evaluated as irregular applications. It is the task and responsibility of administrators of academic committee, editors and publication committees, referees, supporting institutions, and mainly academic readers and writers to avoid irregular applications in academic publications. It is of vital importance to give 'an academic ethics' instructions just at the very beginning of academic life. The ones who do not know principles and rules of academic ethics are not efficient for academic research and publications. Besides sanctions should be applied against approved irregular applications.Öğe Serum, urinary and stone zinc, iron, magnesium and copper levels in idiopathic calcium oxalate stone patients(Springer, 2007) Atakan, Irfan H.; Kaplan, Mustafa; Seren, Gulay; Aktoz, Tevfik; Gul, Hatice; Inci, OsmanMany theories have been put forward to explain the mechanism of stone formation and growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the urinary, serum and stone levels of zinc, iron, magnesium, and copper in patients with calcium oxalate stones and to investigate urinary and serum element levels in healthy controls and to find a possible connection between the elements and calcium oxalate stone formation. A total of 104 patients with calcium oxalate stones ranging in age from 3 to 79 years (mean 44.0 +/- 18.1) and 77 healthy controls ranging in age from 18 to 77 (mean 44.2 +/- 17.9) were included in this study. The mean urinary iron and copper levels in stone patients were significantly higher than healthy controls (P = 0.000). The mean urinary zinc and magnesium levels in healthy controls were significantly higher than stone patients (P = 0.000). There was no significant difference in the serum levels of magnesium and copper in stone patients and healthy controls. Serum zinc and iron level were significantly high in healthy controls as compared to stone patients. Each stone had all 4 elements. Zn and Mg have inhibitory effect on calcium oxalate stone formation. Fe and Cu could be promotor of the calcium oxalate stone formation.Öğe SIGNIFICANCE OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I EXPRESSION IN BLADDER TUMORS(Aves, 2008) Ozbakir, Fikret; Kaplan, Mustafa; Usta, Ufuk; Aktoz, Tevfik; Atakan, Irfan Huseyin; Inci, OsmanIntroduction: Insulin-like growth factor-I is a mitogenic peptide which overexpression involved in the aberrant cell proliferation and malign transformation. It was thought that it can show the malign behavior of bladder tumors. Our aim in this study is to investigate the relationship between insulin like growth factor expression and tumor grade, stage and recurrence in patients with bladder tumor. Materials and Methods: 53 patients that performed transurethral tumor resection or radical cystectomy between 2002 and 2007 were included in this study. Insulin like growth factor-I staining was determined by immunohistochemically from the bladder tumor tissue. Then we investigated the relationship between insulin like growth factor expression in bladder tumor tissue and tumor grade, stage, and recurrence. Results: The mean age was 64.4+/-11.9, 32 patients have low grade, 21 have high grade; 35 have superficial, 18 have muscle invasive tumor. Of 35 patients with superficial tumors, 25 patients have regular follow-up and the mean follow-up duration was 21.9+/-8.1 month. There was no significant difference in insulin-like growth factor-I staining degree between low grade and high grade tumors. Insulin-like growth factor-I staining degree was same in both superficial and muscle invasive tumors. We found no relationship between recurrence and insulin-like growth factor-I staining degree. Conclusion: We found no association between tumor grade, stage, and recurrence and insulin-like growth factor-I staining degree in bladder tumors.
