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    The genotoxic effects of mixture of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, and chromium on the gill tissue of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio, Hamilton 1822)
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Gokalp, Fulya Dilek; Doganlar, Oguzhan; Doganlar, Zeynep Banu; Guner, Utku
    The aim of this study is to investigate the genotoxic effects of mixtures of five metals on zebrafish at two different concentrations; at the permissible maximum contamination levels in drinking water and irrigation waters. The drinking water limits are as follows: 300 mu g/L for Aluminum (Al+3), 10 mu g/L for Arsenic (As+3), 5 mu g/L for Cadmium (Cd+2), 10 mu g/L for Cobalt (Co+2), and 50 mu g/L for Chromium (Cr+2). The irrigation water limits: 5000 mu g/L for Al+3, 100 mu g/L for As+3, 10 mu g/L for Cd+2, 50 mu g/L for Co+2, and 100 mu g/L for Cr+2. The zebrafish underwent chronic exposure for periods of 5, 10, and 20 days. The gene expressions for mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2), stress-specific receptor protein NCCRP1, the heat shock proteins: Hsp9, Hsp14, Hsp60, Hsp70, DNA repair (XRCC1 and EXO1), and apoptosis (BOK and BAX) were evaluated. It was found that exposure to the low- and high-concentrations of the heavy metal mixtures caused cell stress, an increased expression of the antioxidant genes, and repair proteins. As the duration of exposure was increased, the cells progressed through the apoptotic pathway. This was more evident in the high-concentration exposure groups. The results demonstrated the necessity for a reevaluation of the maximum values of heavy metal and toxic element concentrations as prescribed by the Local Standing Rules of Water Pollution Control Regulation, as well as a reevaluation of the limitations of heavy metal mixture interactions with respect to ecological balance and environmental health.
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    Investigation of genotoxic effects of rhododendron honey using three mammalian bioassays in vivo
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Rasgele, Pinar Goc; Gokalp, Fulya Dilek; Kaya, Salih Tunc; Kekecoglu, Meral; Acar, Merve Kambur
    Rhododendron honey (RH) is obtained from the rhododendron plants are grown in many regions around the world, causes poisoning in humans due to the grayanotoxin (GTX) compound in its structure. It is used by the public as a therapeutic for some diseases. It was aimed to study the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of RH in mouse bone-marrow and sperm cells by using three mammalian bioassays. 25, 50 and 75 mg kg(-1) concentrations of RH given to male mice via gavage for 24 and 48 h treatment periods and its active ingredient Grayanatoxin (GTX-III) 0.01 mg kg(-1) by i.p. injection. Chromosome aberrations (CA), polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE)/normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE), micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) and sperm abnormalities were investigated. The results demonstrated that all the tested concentrations of RH significantly induced total abnormal cell frequency including chromosomal breaks for two time periods. In the MN assay, 75 mg kg(-1) RH and 0.01 mg kg(-1) GTX-III significantly increased % MNPCE and significantly reduced PCE/NCE ratios after 24 and 48 h treatments on mice demonstrating potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effect. Although there was a concentration-related increase in the percentage of total sperm abnormalities, this increase was not statistically significant compared to control. As a result, microscopic genotoxicity and cytotoxicity marker tests showed that RH and its active ingredient GTX-III have potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effect on mice bone marrow cells. It is understood that RH that is used to treat some diseases by public, should be handled carefully and used in a controlled manner.
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    Nonoccupational Exposure of Agricultural Area Residents to Pesticides: Pesticide Accumulation and Evaluation of Genotoxicity
    (Springer, 2018) Doganlar, Zeynep Banu; Doganlar, Oguzhan; Tozkir, Hilmi; Gokalp, Fulya Dilek; Dogan, Ayten; Yamac, Ferah; Askin, Orhan Onur; Aktas, Ummuhan Ersin
    Although many studies related the toxic effects of pesticides on agricultural workers, little research has been done about agricultural area residents. The purpose of this work was to monitor the presence of pesticides, as well as their genotoxic and cytotoxic potential, in humans with blood samples collected from control and intensive agricultural areas in the Thrace region. Pesticide accumulations were determined by LC-MS/MS. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were analyzed by comet assay, and the effect of pesticide accumulation on oxidative stress, DNA repair, and molecular chaperone response were analyzed by qRT-PCR assays in the human blood samples. The agricultural area residents had a significantly higher concentration of pesticides than those in the control area at all three sampling times, and the total pesticide amounts were 4.3 and 10 times significantly higher in blood sampled in the pesticide use period (August 2015 and 2016, respectively) than in the nonuse period (November 2015). The results showed that the pesticide level in blood during the use period led to oxidative stress, DNA damage (mean comet length and % tail DNA), and unfolded/misfolded protein response. Particularly, in pesticide use season, difference between these parameters was found statistically significant with comparison to control. Our results indicate that individuals residing around a monoculture rice farming area comprise an at-risk group as a result of increased genotoxicity evidenced in human blood. We suggest that biological monitoring efforts should be used to control nonoccupational exposures to pesticides and thus safeguard the health of agricultural area residents.
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    TOXIC EFFECTS OF PYRETHRUMS LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN AND ALPHA-CYPERMETHRIN ON PEST ARCHIPS ROSANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND ITS COMMON PARASITOID
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Aydogdu, Mitat; Gokalp, Fulya Dilek; Guner, Utku
    In the present study, we aimed to identify the effective concentrations of the insecticides Lambdacyhalothrin (LCT) and Alpha-cypermethrin (CYP) on different live stages of Archips rosana (Linnaeus, 1758), using their commercial forms, Tekvando 5EC (LCT) and Super Takimethrin 100 EC (CYP), as test substances at the field recommended concentration and at 101, 102, 103,104, 105, 106 fold diluted concentrations of the recommended concentration. We found that the LC50 concentrations of LCT for larvae, adult (24 h) and pupae forms (7 days) were 1.162 mu M, 0.919 mu M and 0.012 mu M, respectively. The LC50 concentrations of CYP for larvae, adult and pupae forms were 1.937, 1.014 and 0.008 mu M, respectively. The concentrations that induced over 85% mortality of pupae, although they did not exert a lethal effect on the common parasitoids that developed in the pupae, were 1.10(-1) mu M for LCT and 2.10(-3) mu M for CYP under laboratory conditions. We showed that diluted concentrations of LCT and CYP insecticides still have 80% mortality at the larvae, pupae and adult stages. It is important to study the concentrations that are effective on pests, but not on parasitoids, which are used in biological control. Therefore, this approach may be helpful for integrated pest management programmes.