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Öğe Anatomical and Phytochemical Characteristics of Different Parts of Hypericum scabrum L. Extracts, Essential Oils, and Their Antimicrobial Potential(Mdpi, 2022) Ergin, Kubra Nalkiran; Karakaya, Songul; Goeger, Gamze; Sytar, Oksana; Demirci, Betul; Duman, HayriHypericum (Hypericaceae) is a genus that comprises a high number of species around the world. In this study, the roots, aerial parts, flowers, fruits, and aerial parts with flowers from Hypericum scabrum were macerated separately by methanol and water and then fractionated by different solvents of, such as ethyl acetate, n-hexane, butanol, dichloromethane, aqueous residue sub-extracts, and ethnobotanical use. All the extracts, sub-extracts and essential oils of H. scabrum were investigated for the first time in detail for their antimicrobial, total phenolics, and antioxidant activities. Anatomical structures of the root, stem, leaf, upper and lower leaf surface, stamen, sepal, and petal of H. scabrum were examined. The biochemical layout of essential oils was determined by GC and GC/MS. The antioxidant activity was determined by free radical scavenging activity (by DPPH). Antimicrobial activity was applied against Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659, and C. tropicalis ATCC 750 using microdilution methods. The essentials of the aerial parts, flower, and fruit are characterized by the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbons, whereas roots oil include alkanes. The GC-FID and GC-MS analysis showed that major components of roots, aerial parts, flowers, and fruits oils were undecane (66.1%); alpha-pinene (17.5%), gamma-terpinene (17.4%), and alpha-thujene (16.9%); alpha-pinene (55.6%), alpha-thujene (10.9%), and gamma-terpinene (7.7%); alpha-pinene (85.2%), respectively. The aerial part sub-extracts indicated a greater level of total phenolics and antioxidant potential. The n-hexane sub-extracts (from aerial part, flower, and aerial part with flower) showed the best activity against B. subtilis, with 39.06 mu g/mL MIC value. The presented research work indicates that H. scabrum can be a novel promising resource of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds.Öğe Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial evaluation of Thymus sipyleus Boiss. subsp sipyleus var. sipyleus essential oil against rhinosinusitis pathogens(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2018) Demirci, Fatih; Karaca, Nursenem; Tekin, Mehmet; Demirci, BetulThymus sipyleus Boiss. subsp. sipyleus var. sipyleus of the Lamiaceae, locally known as thyme scented lemon, which is an endemic taxon collected from Sivas in Anatolia, was investigated in this study due to its folk medicine use against rhinosinusitis. The aromatic characteristics of the plant material gave the idea for the detailed evaluation of the volatiles and essential oil thereof. Consequently, the oil was obtained by Clevenger type hydrodistillation followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromato-graphy/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses for phytochemical characterization. To confirm the folk medicinal use against sinusitis, in vitro antimicrobial activities of the essential oil was evaluated by agar diffusion, microdilution and vapour diffusion methods against selected rhinosinusitis associated strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), S. epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhal's. Additionally, the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitory effect of the essential oil spectrophotometrically. Furthermore, the composition of the volatiles of the vapour phase of the oil was determined by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME-GC/MS) after 15 min and 24 h in accordance with antimicrobial vapour diffusion method conditions, respectively. According to the analytical results, the main component was determined as thymol (66.2%). Whereas in the HS-SPME method p-cymene (26.1%) and gamma-terpinene (26%) were identified as the main volatile components within the 15. min., and thymol (75.3%) after 24 h, respectively. The antibacterial activity against rhinosinusitis pathogens varied between 160 and 1250 mu g/mL minimum inhibitory concentrations, with the best inhibitory effects observed against the S. aureus, S. pyogenes and M. catarrhalis. The anti-inflammatory activity of the oil was determined as 12.1 +/- 1.8% in 100 mu g/mL. The results showed the in vitro antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential of the oil also in vapour phase against sinusitis supporting the traditional use.Öğe Antimicrobial and toxicity profiles evaluation of the Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) essential oil combination with standard antimicrobial agents(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2018) Goger, Gamze; Demirci, Betul; Ilgin, Sinem; Demirci, FatihIn this present study, commercial Pharmacopeia (PhEur) grade chamomile essential oil (Mairicariae aetheroleurn) was combined with different antimicrobial agents including ampicillin sodium, cefuroxime acetyl, tetracycline hydrochloride, fluconazole and nystatin. All combinations were evaluated in vitro against pathogenic standard and clinical resistant Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial isolates as well as against Candida albicans for their broad antimicrobial effectiveness. Furthermore, the essential oil was fractioned by column chromatography using n-hexane, diethyl ether, dichloromethane and methanol, respectively. Additionally, all fractions of essential oil were tested in combinations for their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as well as for their fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC) against the resistant microbial pathogens. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated by microdilution method and antimicrobial interactions were assayed using the checkerboard method. Cytotoxicity of compounds were evaluated using Cytotox-XTT-1 1:rameter Kit in WS1 cells and Aliivibrio fischeri bioluminescence toxicity assay. The analyses proved that alpha-bisabolol oxide A (47.7%), (E)-beta-famesene (21.5%), alpha-bisabolol oxide B (6.2%), alpha-bisabolone oxide A (5.8%), chamazulene (4.1%) and alpha-bisabolol (2.2%), respectively were the major compounds and in compliance with PhEur. The essential oil combination of fluconazole and nystatin showed "synergic and additive inhibitory effects" against the clinical Candida strain. According to the IC50 values obtained, the inhibitory concentrations of combinations against the clinical Candida strain can be considered to be selective when compared with its effect on WS1 cells. Additionally, the essential oil combination of fluconazole and nystatin showed low toxicity against A. fischeri.Öğe Comparison of essential oils and antimicrobial activities of Ferulago mughlae Pesmen (Apiaceae) growing in Turkey(Marmara Univ, 2019) Karakaya, Songul; Delimustafaoglu Bostanlik, Fatmagul; Goger, Gamze; Demirci, Betul; Kilic, Ceyda SibelFerulago species have been utilized dated from ancient times as antihelmentic, carminative, digestive, sedative, aphrodisiac, along with as salads and spice in view of their exclusive odors. F. mughlae Pe.men was investigated for its chemical compositions of essential oils and antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activities of essential oils were performed via TLC bioautography methods and essential oils were analysed via GC and GC/MS. alpha-pinene (53.0%), myrcene (3.9%), limonene (6.0%) beta-phellandrene (11.0%) were shown to be as primary components of fruit. Primary components of aerial part were found as alpha-pinene (48.5%), camphene (10.6%), beta-pinene (4.8%) and limonene (3.0%). alpha-pinene (37.3%), camphene (9.1%), limonene (5.3%), terpinolene (3.4%), beta-caryophyllene (3.6%), borneol (9.5%), kessan (8.0%), germacrene B (4.0%), caryophyllene oxide (3.7%) and 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde (3.7%) were shown to be the primary components of root. Aerial part and fruit essential oils of F. mughlea contain active compounds against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6558 while these essential oils did not show any activites against Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and Escherichia coli NRRL B-3008 strains. Root essential oil of F. mughlea did not show any antimicrobial activities against tested all microorganisms. The antimicrobial activities against these microorganisms from this species may be based upon the existence of the primary compounds in the essential oils.Öğe Comparison of Essential Oils of Ferulago pachyloba (Fenzl) Boiss., F. trachycarpa Boiss. and F. bracteata Boiss. & Hausskn. Species (Apiaceae) Growing in Turkey and Determination of Their Antimicrobial Activities(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2019) Karakaya, Songul; Simsek, Duygu; Goger, Gamze; Demirci, Betul; Duman, Hayri; Altanlar, Nurten; Kilic, Ceyda SibelFerulago species have been utilized since ancient times as antihelmentic, digestive, sedative and aphrodisiac, along with in salads or as a seasoning in view of their special odours. F. pachyloba (Fenzl) Boiss., F. trachycarpa Boiss. and F. bracteata Boiss. & Hausskn. species were investigated for their chemical compositions of essential oils and their antimicrobial activities. Antimicrobial activities of essential oils were performed via microbroth-dilution and TLC bioautography methods. GC and GC/MS were utilized to analyse the essential oils. Primary components of aerial parts, flowers, roots and fruits of F. pachyloba were found as, sabinene (16.0 %), (Z)-beta-ocimene (15.1 %); sabinene (25.8 %), (Z)-beta-ocimene (27.5 %); (E)-2-decenal (14.3 %); bicyclogermacrene (11.1 %), respectively. Primary components of aerial parts, roots and fruits of F. trachycarpa were found as, (Z)-beta-ocimene (13.8 %), spathulenol (25.0 %); (E)-2-decenal (11.9 %); spathulenol (32.8 %), bicyclogermacrene (23.0 %). Primary components of aerial parts, flowers and roots of F. bracteata were found as, 7-methoxy-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-coumarin (86.7 %); beta-pinene (12.1 %), beta-phellandrene (22.8 %); (E)-2- decenal (13.9 %), hexadecanoic acid (40.4 %). Essential oils were particularly more effective against Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC values of between 0.39 and 6.25 g/mL, respectively. They did not give significant inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by TLC bioautography assay. In contrast, they had active components against S. aureus and showed significant inhibition. The antimicrobial activities against these microorganisms from these species may be attributed to the presence of the main components in the essential oils.Öğe Comparison of the Essential Oils of Ferula orientalis L., Ferulago sandrasica Pesmen and Quezel, and Hippomarathrum microcarpum Petrov and Their Antimicrobial Activity(Turkish Pharmacists Assoc, 2019) Karakaya, Songul; Goger, Gamze; Bostanlik, Fatmagul D.; Demirci, Betul; Duman, Hayri; Kilic, Ceyda SibelObjectives: To determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of the aerial parts of Ferula orientalis L., roots of Ferulago sandrasica Pesmen and Quezel, and aerial parts of Hippomarathrum microcarpum Petrov. Materials and Methods: Essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was determined by bioautography assay. Results: alpha-Pinene (75.9%) and beta-pinene (3.4%) were the major components of the aerial parts of F. orientalis; with limonene (28.9%), beta-pinene (15.6%), and terpinolene (13.9%) for F. sandrasica; and beta-caryophyllene (31.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (23.1%) for the aerial parts of H. microcarpum. Essential oils from the aerial parts of F. orientalis, the roots of F. sandrasica, and the aerial parts of H. microcarpum were active against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans strains. However, essential oils were not active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherichia coli. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activities against S. aureus and C. albicans of these species may be attributed to the presence of the main components in the essential oils.Öğe Investigation on effects of walnut essential oil against glutamate toxicity on cortex neuron and LN405 cancer cell lines, diabetes, and some microorganisms(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2023) Yesilyurt, Fatma; Yuca, Hafize; Karakaya, Songul; Tekman, Enes; Demirci, Betul; Taghizadehghalehjoughi, Ali; Goger, GamzeIn this study, leaf essential oil effects on glutamate toxicity model formed in cortex neurons and LN405 cell cultures were investigated. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated by & alpha;-amylase and & alpha;-glucosidase inhibitions. MIC was used for antimicrobial activity. Seven groups were examined with MTT. Glutamate 10-5 mM in cortex showed 62% viability whereas oil viability did not increase in a dose-dependent manner and the highest viability rate was observed. There are four types of glandular trichomes in leaf anatomy of walnut. The oil exhibited half as much & alpha;-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 8105 & mu;g/mL, compared to positive control acarbose (IC50 = 4762 & mu;g/mL). MIC of oil was determined to be 625 & mu;g/mL against E. coli, C. albicans, and C. parapsilosis, whereas S. aureus exhibited a MIC of 1250 & mu;g/mL. Major compounds of oil were found as & beta;-pinene (17.6%), & alpha;-pinene (11.3%), & beta;-eudesmol (8.6%), and caryophyllene oxide (6.2%).
