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    Application of the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma harzianum (TrichoFlow WP™) to root zone increases yield of bell peppers grown in soil
    (Ab Academic Publishers, 2006) Bal, Ugur; Altintas, Sureyya
    Effects of Trichoderma harzianum, the biocontrol fungus, on yield and fruit characteristics of bell peppers were studied. Trichoderma harzianum suspensions at the dosages of 4, 10 and 24 g m(-2) were applied to soil in the root zone of the local cultivars Y-13-178, Y-13-190 and Y-122 grown initially in a high polythene tunnel and later in the open following the removal of the polythene cover. The product contained 10(8) cfu g(-1) and was applied three times, at sowing, at transplanting to the multicelled trays and at planting in the soil in the plastic tunnel. T harzianum significantly increased the marketable and total yield whereas the increase in early yield was not statistically significant. The 4.0 g m(-2) dosage gave the highest total and marketable yield plant(-1) of 788 g and 685 g, respectively. These yields from the control plants were 512 g plant(-1) and 431 g plant(-1), respectively. Application of Trichoderma harzianum also significantly increased the number of marketable fruits and total number of fruits plant(-1) with 4.0 g m(-2) producing the highest numbers of 8.7 and 9.7, respectively. Except for the number of fruits with three locules, the main effects of Trichoderma dosages were not significant on fruit characteristics such as length, weight and wall thickness. The number of fruits with three locules was increased with the application of Trichoderma where results from all the three dosages were superior to those of the control. T harzianum applied did not have any significant effect on the number of two and four loculed fruits. It was concluded that the application of Trichoderma harziaman at a dosage of 4.0 g m(-2) significantly increased bell pepper yield.
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    Stresses applied for the re-programming of plant microspores towards in vitro embryogenesis
    (Wiley, 2006) Shariatpanahi, Mehran E.; Bal, Ugur; Heberle-Bors, Erwin; Touraev, Alisher
    Microspore embryogenesis is the most commonly used method to produce doubled haploids. It is based on the ability of a single haploid cell, the microspore, to de-differentiate and regenerate into a whole plant after being exposed to stresses, such as low or high temperatures, carbon starvation and colchicine. Some stresses such as temperature treatments and carbon starvation have been used with success in many plant species, whereas others such as colchicine had limited application in a few species. Reports on the application of whole plant treatments with feminizing agents on inflorescences and buds are scarce. Furthermore, the technical means to apply some stresses such as gamma-irradiation are not readily available. Recently, novel stresses such as pH, inducer chemicals, carrageenan oligosaccharicles and heavy metals were reported to induce microspore embryogenesis. It remains to be seen, however, whether these stresses are effective in a wider range of species. Finally, pretreatment of cultured cells with high concentrations of 2,4-D efficiently induces somatic embryogenesis in several species (carrot, alfalfa). However, reports on the use of this particular chemical stress are not available in microspore embryogenesis. The paper presented here gives an overview of various stresses and mechanisms of action of these stresses in inducing microspore embryogenesis.