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Öğe Anti-damping-off fungicides and seedling media affect the growth, development and yield of cos lettuce(Taylor & Francis As, 2006) Bal, U.; Altintas, S.; Varis, S.; Kirkim, Z.The effects of three fungicide mixtures (Previcur + Rizolex, Previcur + Benlate, Previcur + Derosal), and two seedling media (soil-based compost and peat compost) on the development of cos lettuce seedlings and plants at harvest were studied. The length, weight and stem diameter of seedlings, the fresh weight and the number of leaves of the plants at harvest were more favorable with Rizolex and peat. Benlate (active ingredient: benomyl) retarded the growth and development of seedlings, e. g., the length and stem diameter, 1.12 cm and 2.86 mm respectively, attained when using benomyl were the smallest in comparison with the 1.51 cm and 4.31 mm attained using Rizolex. In comparison to Benlate, Rizolex in combination with peat produced the best fresh weight and number of leaves at harvest with 614.09 g and 38.37 respectively. Due to the convenience of use and the results presented here, Rizolex together with peat are recommended to grow cos lettuce.Öğe EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SUBSTRATES ON THE DEVELOPMENT, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF TOMATO(Scibulcom Ltd, 2006) Altintas, S.; Bal, U.The grape mare is becoming increasingly popular in vegetable crop production due to its organic nature and suitability in the growing. The effects of organic growth substrates of grape marc and straw bales in comparison to the inorganic substrate perlite on the development and yield of tomato were tested. In the seedling stage a total of three substrates, i.e. open composted grape marc (OCGM1); left in the open for a year; window system), fresh grape marc (FGM) and perlite were used. Subsequently, seedlings grown in the seedling media mentioned above were planted in the planting substrates which were OCGM1, FGM, composted straw bales (CSB), non-composted straw bales (NCSB) and perlitc. A total 16 combinations, three of which in the seedling stage, and five in the planting making a total number of I 5 combinations, together with the control treatment of classical soil growing, in early spring-summer production of tomatoes, were tested in an unheated glasshouse in Tekirdag, Turkey. The highest marketable yield (4014 g plant(-1)) was obtained from the plants grown in OCGM1 in both stages of the development. The lowest marketable yield on the other hand was obtained from the plants grown initially at the seedling stage in the FGM followed by the growing in the NCSB. Blossom end rot (BER) was observed in some of the fruits in the experiment where the highest BER was observed in the plants grown in OCGM1 x FGM and perlite x FGM combinations.Öğe THE FUTURE OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE WORLDWIDE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF LONG-TERM PLANNING OF NATURAL RESOURCES FOR ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE IN THE IGNEADA AND ITS SURROUNDINGS(Scibulcom Ltd, 2006) Bal, U.; Tok, H. H.The organic agriculture has rapidly developed worldwide during the last decades. Organic farming is practiced in approximately at 100 countries in the world and the area under organic management is continually growing. Currently, more than 24 million ha are under organic practice worldwide. The global market for organic food and drink was valued at USD 23 billion by the end of 2002. Although production of organic crops is increasing across the globe, sales are concentrated particularly in the industrialised parts of the world. The European sales of organic products were estimated to have expanded by about 8% in 2002 to reach 10.5 billion US dollars. Igneada and its surroundings have remained free from pollution originating from the economical development. Economical pressure has increased due to the fact that the area is at the border of Turkey and Bulgaria and has been designated as a sensitive area. The modelling of organic agriculture in this region is based, on the one hand, on the existence of rich and unpolluted area of natural resource and, on the other, on the principle of appropriate use-protect. The ecological resources available at Igneada and its surroundings also occur, in a transboundary fashion, in Bulgaria. Availability of such areas in the transboundary manner in the Balkans may help to establish green belts and nature reserves in long-term. The only way to protect the area is to create awareness in its inhabitants regarding the potentiality of the area and in doing so the local people will be consciously both using and protecting the local resources with a long-term view of transboundary protection. This is the most effective way to protect the resources on the global basis. Igneada and its surroundings are very suitable for eco-agriculture and the same characteristics are available on the other side of the border in Bulgaria. Already existing agriculture practices in the area display characteristics similar to typical eco-agriculture applications because fertilisation, chemical use against pests and diseases and hormone application either not practiced or used only minimally. Therefore, the only additional efforts required here are preparation of land inventory and production modelling and organisation of the production as well as initiation of the organic certification schemes.Öğe A POSITIVE SIDE EFFECT OF Trichoderma harzianum, THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT: INCREASED YIELD IN VEGETABLE CROPS(Scibulcom Ltd, 2006) Bal, U.; Altintas, S.Biological control agents are commonly used against pests and diseases in the organic agriculture practices. The antagonistic fungi Trichoderma harzianum is successfully used against various plant pathogenic fungi, i.e. Phytium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Perenospora. The application of the agent is mainly to seeds and seedlings at the early stage, and to the soil in the root zone of the crop in the later stage. Application of T. harzianum in the root zone also results in plant growth promotion and increase in yield while conferring the protection to crops. It was determined that the cost of the application of T. harzianum may be covered by the increased yield in some vegetable crops. With the emphasis on its positive side effects, i.e. growth promotion and increased yield, mechanisms employed by the agent in its functionality i.e. plant protection are discussed.
